4) Sonography presentation (doubt we'd need to know) (lil info)

What is diagnostic medical sonography?
or rephrased:

Describe what ultrasound it (EXAM).

use sounds waves via tranducer/probe → investigate different tissues in the body

-sound beams reflect off tissues called echos
—
Maryna:
1) Use sound waves sent into body via transducer/probe

2) Manipulate probe to investigate different tissues in body

3) Sound beams reflect off tissue in the body = Echos
→ echos return back to transducer

4) US machine uses this reflective info
→ produce 2D image of 3D structure (that we are investigating)

What does anechoic mean (EXAM)?

-black

-fluid filled (blood urine, serous cyst)

What is echogenic (EXAM)?

(more echos coming back/more dense)
-bright

-white (bone, lipoma, calcifications)

What is homogenous?

-smooth

-uniform texture (normal liver)

What is heterogenous?

-coarse

-irregular texture

What’s the purpose of GEL in ultrasound? (EXAM)

has low acoustic impedance compared to tissue
→ allows sound waves to travel far
—-
Maryna:
- gel acts as connection b/w skin & tissue
→ allows sound to transfer from probe into body
→ and back again via echoes

How does frequency affect ultrasound?

high frequency = better resolution/detail
- good for superficial

low frequency = travels deeper
- less resolution

*note: shitty for fat people b/c sound waves can’t travel far

Ultrasound is unique because it is __

OPERATOR DEPENDENT

General info: (nope)

1) Need empathy
- sick, worried
- fear of unknown
- life changing dx

2) they are detectives
- differential dx
- modification of exam (looking for more stuff aside from physician note)
- change patient positional
- adding additional exams

Difference b/w SHADOWING & ENHANCEMENT (nope)

(right image) enhancement = travels very well through fluid = benign

(left image) shadowing = sound beam tries to get through very dense → dense masses in breast likely cancerous

What comes after sonography (doubt you need to know) (nope)

What is PARACENTESIS? (nope)

tube inserted through abdominal wall → drain fluid to relieve pressure

(using needle + ultrasound)

What is THORACENTESIS (nope)

tube inserted in lower chest → drain fluid out of lung space

= easier to breathe

(using needle + ultrasound)

What are the PROS of ultrasound? (EXAM)

-safe (no radiation)

-inexpensive

-realtime imaging

-portable

-accessible
-US can distinguish b/w benign and malignant lesions

What are the CONS of ultrasound? (EXAM)

-operator dependent

-limitations w/ sound

-high injury rate for worker (repetitive movements)

Describe the role of US in cancer detection (EXAM).

1) Survey anatomy
- sweep though + scann organs for structural abnormalies/tumor detection

2) Guidance - real time (i.e., needle biopsy)

3) Followup
- check to see if change in tumor size/quality
- effectiveness of treatment

4) Detect evidence of:
- regression or
- progression