Instrument Ground School - Stage 1 Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering Stage 1 Instrument Ground School material including ADM, flight instruments, regulations, procedures, scan techniques, and ATC clearances.

Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM)

A systematic approach to the mental process pilots use to consistently determine the best course of action for a given set of circumstances (AC 60-22).

DECIDE Model

A six-step decision-making process: Detect the problem, Estimate the need, Choose a course of action, Identify solutions, Do necessary actions, and Evaluate the effects.

Hazard vs. Risk

A hazard is a situation that requires a decision; risk is the potential severity of that hazard analyzed with a Risk Assessment Matrix.

Hazardous Attitudes & Antidotes

Five dangerous mindsets and their counter-thoughts: Anti-Authority ('Follow the rules'), Impulsivity ('Think first'), Invulnerability ('It could happen to me'), Macho ('Taking chances is foolish'), and Resignation ('I can make a difference').

IMSAFE Checklist

A personal preflight assessment covering Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotion.

PAVE Checklist

A risk assessment tool evaluating four key risk categories: Pilot, Aircraft, enVironment, and External pressures.

Single-Pilot Resource Management (SRM) '5 Ps'

A practical framework for single-pilot operations evaluating Plan, Plane, Pilot, Passengers, and Programming.

Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT)

Flying an airworthy aircraft into terrain or water with no prior awareness on the part of the crew that the crash is imminent.

Rigidity in Space

The gyroscopic principle stating that a gyroscope tends to remain fixed in its plane of rotation.

Gyroscopic Precession

The gyroscopic principle where a force applied to a rotating gyro is felt $90^\times$ ahead in the direction of rotation.

Slip vs. Skid

In a slip, the nose points outside the turn (less dangerous); in a skid, the nose points inside the turn (bad/dangerous).

Types of Altitude

Indicated (read from altimeter), Pressure (height above $29.92$\text{ in Hg}), Density (pressure altitude corrected for temperature), True (height above MSL), and Absolute (height above ground level/AGL).

Pitot-Static System Blockages

Blockages in pitot tube or static port affect instruments: blocked pitot with open drain causes ASI to read zero; blocked pitot and drain acts like an altimeter; blocked static causes frozen altimeter/VSI.

Magnetic Compass Memory Aids

UNOS (Undershoot North, Overshoot South), NOSE (North Opposite, South Exaggerated), and ANDS (Accelerate North, Decelerate South).

Air Data Attitude and Heading Reference System (ADAHRS)

System integrating an Air Data Computer (ADC) for pitot-static info and an AHRS (accelerometers, gyros, magnetometer) for attitude and heading.

Instrument Scan Methods

Techniques for instrument cross-check including Rectangular/Race Track, Hub and Spoke ($80\text{--}90\%$ focus on AI), and V Method.

Instrument Scanning Errors

Fixation (staring at a single instrument), Emphasis (placing too much weight on one instrument), and Omission (leaving an instrument out of the scan entirely).

Control & Performance Method

An attitude instrument flying method where known pitch and power settings are set on control instruments to achieve desired performance.

Primary & Supporting Method

An attitude instrument flying method that categorizes instruments by pitch, bank, and power, focusing on specific primary instruments for each flight maneuver.

Unusual Attitude Recovery Orders

For Nose Low: Reduce power $\rightarrow$ Level wings $\rightarrow$ Raise nose. For Nose High: Add power $\rightarrow$ Lower nose $\rightarrow$ Level wings.

Spatial Disorientation

The inability to accurately perceive aircraft position and motion relative to the earth, occurring when the vestibular system provides conflicting signals in IMC.

VOR MON (Minimum Operational Network)

A backup network ensuring a non-GPS airport is within $100\,NM$ with an ILS, LOC, or VOR approach, providing continuous VOR signal at or above $5,000\,ft\text{ AGL}$.

DME Slant Range

Line-of-sight distance measurement between aircraft and station; error is highest directly over the station and negligible at $1\,NM$ away per $1,000\,ft$ of altitude.

RAIM vs. FDE

RAIM requires 5 satellites (or 4 + WAAS) for GPS integrity monitoring; FDE requires 6 satellites to detect and exclude a faulty satellite without losing service.

Six HITS (§61.57(c))

Instrument currency requirements within 6 calendar months: 6 instrument approaches, Holding procedures and tasks, and Intercepting & Tracking courses using electronic systems.

1-2-3 Rule (§91.169)

Rule stating an IFR alternate is required UNLESS destination weather from 1 hour before to 1 hour after ETA has at least a $2,000\,ft$ ceiling and $3\,SM$ visibility.

Standard Alternate Minimums

At ETA, precision approach requires $600\,ft$ ceiling and $2\,SM$ visibility; non-precision requires $800\,ft$ ceiling and $2\,SM$ visibility.

Requirements to Descend Below DA/MDA (§91.175)

Must have: 1) Continuous position to land using normal maneuvers and descent rate, 2) Required flight visibility, and 3) Runway environment in sight.

Lost Comms Route Order (AVEF)

Route selection order under §91.185: Assigned, Vectored, Expected, Filed.

Lost Comms Altitude Selection (MEA)

Altitude selection under §91.185: fly the highest of Minimum IFR altitude, Expected altitude, or Assigned altitude.

GRABCARD (§91.205)

Required IFR equipment mnemonic: Generator/alternator, Radios, Altimeter (sensitive), Ball (slip/skid), Clock, Attitude indicator, Rate-of-turn indicator, Directional gyro.

C.R.A.F.T.

ATC clearance organization mnemonic: Clearance limit, Route, Altitude, Frequency, Transponder code.

Cruise Clearance

An ATC clearance allowing flight at any altitude from the minimum IFR altitude up to the cleared altitude without notifying ATC, and authorizing an instrument approach at destination.