MAPEH 9 Review: Music, Arts, Health, and Environment (Medieval to Solid Waste)

A comprehensive set of practice questions covering Medieval and Renaissance music, Baroque, Classical/Greek/Roman arts, architecture, sculpture, and health/officials, as well as environmental health and waste management topics from the notes.

What are the two alternative names for the Medieval period?

The Middle Ages or Dark Ages.

What event marks the start of the Medieval period?

The fall of the Roman Empire.

How were plainchants originally transmitted and what notation aided their dissemination?

They were transmitted orally, and Neume notation helped dissemination.

Monophonic plainchant is named after which pope?

Pope Gregory I (Gregorian chants).

List the characteristics of Gregorian chants.

Monophonic; free meter; modal; usually based on Latin liturgy; use of neume notation.

Where did Troubadour music originate and who performed it?

Originated in France; performed by troubadours, poet-musicians.

Name typical characteristics of Troubadour music.

Usually monophonic; sometimes with improvised accompaniment; about chivalry and courtly love; written in French.

Who is Adam de la Halle and what is he known for?

Also known as Adam le Bossu; one of the oldest secular composers; a trouvère; wrote Le Jeu de Robin et Marion.

What are Adam de la Halle's notable works?

Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion; La Chanson du roi de Sicile.

What does the Renaissance term mean?

Rebirth, revival, rediscovery; looking back to Greece and Rome.

What invention helped the wide distribution of Renaissance compositions?

Printing (printing press) in the 1400s.

Which instrument was prominent in Renaissance music?

The lute.

During the Renaissance, did secular music become more prominent?

Yes, secular music became more prominent.

What is considered the golden age of a cappella choral music?

The Renaissance period.

Name two main stylistic characteristics of Renaissance music.

Mostly polyphonic; imitation among voices; word painting; flowing melodic lines; few large leaps.

What is a Mass in Renaissance music?

A sacred musical composition setting texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music.

List the five main sections of the Mass.

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Benedictus, Agnus Dei.

What is a Madrigal?

A secular vocal polyphonic composition from Italy; sung at court; through-composed; 3–6 voices.

Who was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina?

The greatest master of sacred music during the Renaissance; known for Pope Marcellus Mass.

What is Pope Marcellus Mass noted for?

Counter-reformation style; Kyrie is part of the Mass.

Who was Thomas Morley and what is Musica Transalpina?

Famous secular madrigal composer; Musica Transalpina (1588) is a collection of Italian madrigals with English text.

Name Morley’s notable works.

Fire, Fire, My Heart; April Is In My Mistress' Face; Sing and Chant It; It Was A Lover and His Lass; Fantasie.

What is the Baroque period's etymology?

Derived from the Portuguese barroco meaning 'pearl of irregular shape'.

What are Baroque music's main characteristics?

Elaborate and ornamental melodies; not easy to sing; predominately contrapuntal with some homophony; dynamic contrasts.

Which genres emerged in Baroque music?

Operas, oratorios, suites, toccatas, concertó grosso, fugue.

What is the typical Baroque orchestra makeup and keyboard instruments?

Strings and continuo; harpsichord and organ.

What are the new forms introduced in Baroque music?

Binary (AB), ternary (ABC), ground bass, fugue.

Differentiate between a concerto and a concerto grosso.

Concerto features a solo instrument with orchestra; concerto grosso features a concertino group with the full orchestra (tutti).

Define fugue.

A contrapuntal piece with imitative counterpoint, usually 3–4 parts, with a main theme (subject).

What is an oratorio?

A large-scale sacred work for orchestra and voices with religious narratives.

What is a chorale?

A harmonized version of hymnal tunes used in the Protestant church during Baroque.

Name three famous Baroque composers.

Johann Sebastian Bach; Antonio Vivaldi; George Frideric Handel.

Which Handel work includes the famous Hallelujah chorus?

Messiah.

In Classical Greek painting, what are Kerch Style vases described as?

Red-figured pottery; shapes include pelike, lekanis, lebes gamikos, krater.

What is the earliest known panel painting?

Pitsa Panel.

What painting techniques were used in tomb/wall paintings?

Fresco, tempera (water-based), or encaustic (wax).

What development occurred in Roman painting?

Development of landscape painting.

What is a mosaic?

An art process using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials.

What were the dominant themes in Byzantine painting?

Religious subjects, everyday life scenes, and nature motifs; animals used as symbols.

Name some common subjects of Romanesque sculpture.

Relics, altar frontals, crucifixes, and devotional images.

What is a key feature of Gothic sculpture?

Greater freedom of style; figures project outward from walls.

What are the characteristic features of Gothic architecture?

Pointed arches and ribbed vaults allowing higher ceilings; network of stone ribs.

Name the main megalithic structures in Prehistoric architecture.

Menhir, Dolmens, Cromlech (e.g., Stonehenge).

List key features of Egyptian architecture.

Thick sloping walls; hieroglyphics and pictorials; symbolic ornamentation (scarab, solar disk, vulture); temples aligned with solstices/equinox; pyramids and mastabas.

Which Egyptian monuments exemplify pyramids and tomb structures?

Pyramids of Giza and Mastaba.

What are the three Greek temple architectural orders commonly referenced?

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (paraphrased as temples with central shrine and columns).

What is a hallmark of Roman architecture?

Arches and vaults; Colosseum as a notable example; durable stone and brick construction.

What is Byzantine architecture exemplified by?

Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

What distinguishes Romanesque architecture from Gothic architecture?

Romanesque features solid masonry walls and rounded arches; Gothic features pointed arches and higher vaults with flying buttresses.

What is a key feature of Gothic architecture that enables tall spaces?

Pointed arches and ribbed vaulting with flying buttresses.

Define physical fitness.

The capacity to perform daily tasks without undue fatigue and still have energy for recreation and emergencies.

List the health-related fitness components.

Body composition; Cardiovascular endurance; Flexibility; Strength.

List the skill-related fitness components.

Agility; Reaction time; Coordination; Balance; Speed; Power.

What is the BMI formula?

Weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared (kg/m^2).

What are the four qualities of an officiating official in health/physical activity contexts?

Physical, Emotional, Mental, Social.

What does mental toughness entail for an official?

Staying focused, handling pressure, alertness, rule knowledge, decisive and impartial judgment.

What does community health mean?

The art and science of maintaining, protecting, and improving the health of all community members through organized efforts.

What is environmental health?

Health aspects determined by physical, chemical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.

What does RA 9003 advocate for in solid waste management?

The 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

What are examples of refuse categories listed in the notes?

Garbage, rubbish, dead animals, stable manure, street night soil, yard cuttings.

What is Solid Waste Management concerned with?

Generation, storage/collection, transfer/transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste.