scientific revolution and enlightenment

m4 i&s

Copernicus and Galileo 

Copernicus questioned the geocentric theory and believed heliocentric (sun was center of universe)

Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory through observations with his telescope. remained silent for years then released a book, summoned to court in 1633 under the threat of torture. was forced to read a signed confession saying Copernicus was wrong. lived under house arrest then died in 1642

Montesqieu and Rosseau

montesqieu-

advocated for seperations of power to prevent tyranny and to protect individual liberty. believed that dividing government authority among different branches would ensure checks and balances.

Rosseau-

proposed the idea of the social contract asserting that legitimate political authority resided in the collective will of the people. he emphasised the importance of individual freedom and equality influencing the modern democratic thought.

enlightenment despots 

absolute monarchs who embraced enghlitement ideas to reform society, to promote tolerance, and improve governance while maintaining their power,

Fredrick of Prussia-

he granted many religious freedoms, reduced censorship, and improved education

wanted to abolish serfdom because he believed it was unfair

goal was to strengthen his country

Joseph 2nd of Austria-

introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press

abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be payed for their labour in cash

OLD IDEA- the state and its citizens exist to serve he monarch

NEW IDEA- the monarch exists to serve the state and support its citizens

Bacon and Descartes (pioneers)

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes developed the scientific method

Bacon-

believed in experimenting and then draw conclusions called “experimental method or empiricism”

Descartes-

believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions and everything should be double checked (checked until proved by reason)

modern scientific method relies on Bacon and Descartes ideas (experimentation and observation)

old scientific method relied on books, church, and dead people

women in scientific revolution

Margaret Cavendish

• philosopher

• not formaly educated 

• critical of the belief that humans were masters of nature

• published her book in her own name instead of a mans or anonymously

• attended one meeting with royal society but was never inducted

Maria Wrinkelmen

• astronomer

• self taught and trained by her family

• became husbands assistant in order to practice

• discovered “comet of 1702”

• highly qualified but didn’t have a degree so couldn’t get into Berlin academy

• problems at academy reflected the obsticles women faced in being accepted as scientists

Sofia Brahe

• astronomer 

• assisted brother with his astronomical observations when she was a teenager

• self taught

• assistance lead to discovery of supernova and lunar eclipse 

scientific revolution spreads

scientists started to question things 

developed tools and instruments to make precise observations

Edward Jenner introduced the first first modern day smallpox vaccine in the 1700 and discovered cowpox gave permanent protection from smallpox

Andrea Vesalius proved Galen’s assumption that human anatomy is the same as pigs wrong. he wrote a book about human organs, bones, and muscles in 1543

Gabriel Fahrenheit (german physist) created the first thermometer to use mercury in glass in 1714

women in enlightenment

philosophies took a traditional view toward women (a women’s education to be a helpful wife and mother) however some male writers argued for more education and marriage equality

Marry Astell published a book called “the serious proposal to the ladies” which established the lack of education opportunities for women

Emilie du Chateley trained as a mathematician and physicist translated newtons book from latin to french. she was one of the first feminists.

salons-

• the gathering of many people which discussed literature, art, philosophy, and politics often listed by wealthy women

artists and cultural impacts

literature-

• salons and Encyclopedia helped spread ideas over Europe

• more people in middle class started to read

• ideas started to spread in news paper, pamphlets, and songs

visual arts-

• display power, emphasise status, and wealth

• mainly in 16th-18th century

music-

• before enlightenment music was cord and organ

• enlightenment introduced new and lighter music (Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven)

Baroque-

• type of archetecture

• grand and oronate designs (irregular shapes?)

Rococo-

• type of architecture and art

• light hearted but decorative style

• turned away from the church and religion

• borrowed ideas from classical Rome and Greece

Hobbes and Locke

Hobbes-

• thought government was best with one absolute monarchy in control or absolute power

• expressed his views in a book called “Leviathan”

• english civil war convinced him that humans were naturally selfish and wicked

Locke-

• believed humans are born with natural rights to life, liberty, and property

• believed in a government that protects that

• believed that citizens should be able to vote in a democratic government and that the people in power cant do anything to stop it