HOMEWORK 7

Basal Forebrain

Controls waking arousal of cortex

norepinephrine NE

Endogenous amphetamine released in bursts to alert

Locus Coeruleus

Responds to novelty or threat

ACh acetylcholine

Released to arouse cortex

ACh acetylcholine

May show deficits in Alzheimer's patients

GABA

Released to de-arouse cortex

Reticular Formation

Arousal network moving up through brainstem

Locus Coeruleus

"Dark Blue Place" in pons

Caffeine

Caffeine is a stimulant that blocks receptors for Adenosine , allowing continued cortical arousal via the release of ACh and the inhibition of the opponent system releasing GABA .

Beta

EEG while awake/active

Beta

18-24 Hz

Alpha

EEG while awake/relaxed

Alpha

8-12 Hz

Theta

EEG during Sleep I & 2

Delta

>50% during Stage 4

Delta

< 4 Hz

Delta

<50% during Stage 3

REM

The stage of sleep associated with dreams

Sleep 2

Spindles and K complexes are intermittent bursts of high frequency or voltage observed during this stage of sleep

Slow wave sleep

characterized by its highly synchronized activity.

REM

also known as paradoxical sleep due to its contradictory nature (i.e., active, desynchronized brain, but paralyzed body).

REM

shows the most de-synchronized pattern of activity.

Slow Wave Sleep

shows the lowest rate of change in mean EEG per unit time.

The typical duration of one sleep cycle through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, REM sleep is _____ minutes.

90

PGO

The sequence of activation that initiates dream sleep goes from the pons to the lateral geniculate and then on to the occipital cortex .
ACh is the excitatory neurotransmitter that is released to desynchronize the brain during this wave of activation.
Unlike during waking arousal, stimulation enters the rear of the cortex during this phase of sleep.
During this phase, there is also an active suppression by the brainstem of motor activity, called atonia .

Raphe System

Shift from REM to Slow Wave Sleep

VLPOA

Signals Basal Forebrain to inhibit cortex

PGO

Initiates dream sleep

The sequence of activation that initiates dream sleep goes from the pons to the lateral geniculate and then on to the occipital cortex .

ACh is the excitatory neurotransmitter that is released to desynchronize the brain during this wave of activation.

Unlike during waking arousal, stimulation enters the rear of the cortex during this phase of sleep.

During this phase, there is also an active suppression by the brainstem of motor activity, called atonia .

pons, lateral geniculate, occipital cortex, acetylcholine (Ach), excitatory, the rear of, atonia,

Tubero-Mammilary Body

Responds to changes in brain termperature

GABA

Promotes sleep

ACh

Arouses cortex during dreams

Histamine 1

Released when brain cools

Serotonin

Burst shuts off REM

Circadian Rhythm

A) The Supra-Chiasmic Nucleus shows a pattern of activity on a 24 +/1 hour cycle. True
B) The Pineal Gland hangs right below the Hypothalamus. False
C) The sleep aid, melatonin, stimulates activity in the Pineal Gland. True
D) Melanopsin is the neurotransmitter released along the Retino-Hypothalamic Path. False
E) Ancient ganglion cells in the retina act as receptors that register changes in ambient light levels. True
F) The SCN releases Serotonin onto the Pineal Gland. False
G) The Pineal Gland increases its melatonin production as the light fades. True
H) Receptor axons synapse in the SCN which then signals the Pineal Gland. True