Criminology Lecture Notes Review

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering criminological theories, ethics, criminal justice, and specialized criminology modules based on lecture notes.

Who is credited with founding the Classical School of criminology and wrote 'Dei delitti e delle pene' in 1764?

Cesare Beccaria

What are the three core elements of Routine Activity Theory according to Cohen and Felson (1979)?

A motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian

Which circular prison design, enabling constant and centralised surveillance, was proposed by Jeremy Bentham?

The Panopticon

In biological positivism, who published 'L'uomo delinquente' (1876) and generated a visual 'criminal type'?

Cesare Lombroso

What functionalist concept by Émile Durkheim suggests that crime is a 'normal' part of all societies and performs 'boundary maintenance'?

Crime as a social fact

What are the five adaptations to strain identified by Robert Merton?

Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion

In Interactionist Criminology, what term did Edwin Lemert use to describe when an offender internalises a label and adopts behaviour reflecting it?

Secondary deviance

Who developed the five-stage processual model of moral panics using the 'mods and rockers' case study?

Stanley Cohen

Who coined the term 'intersectionality' in 1989 to describe how race and gender overlap to produce distinct discrimination?

Kimberlé Crenshaw

What is 'zemiology' as defined in criminological literature?

The study of social harms, such as poverty or poor housing, that go beyond legally-defined crime

Who coined the term 'white collar crime' in 1949?

Edwin Sutherland

Which 1829 Act established the 'new police' in London, focusing on preventive patrolling and the 'bobbies'?

The Metropolitan Police Act

What 1984 Act primarily regulates police powers in England and Wales, specifically stop and search, arrest, and detention?

PACE 1984

According to Michel Foucault in 'Discipline and Punish' (1977), punishment shifted toward which form that aims at training compliant citizens?

Carceral

What is the 'Full Code Test' used by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) to decide whether to prosecute a case?

It requires a realistic prospect of conviction and a finding that prosecution is in the public interest

In Ethics, what does the 'Greater Moral Evil' (GME) principle proposed by Peter Singer state?

If it is in our power to prevent something bad without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it

What formula, based on Trotter and Gleser (1977), is used to estimate the stature of a human male using the femur and tibia?

$$1.30 \times (\text{femur} + \text{tibia}) + 63.29\,(\pm 2.99\,\text{cm})$$

Which 1843 legal ruling established that a defendant is not responsible if they did not know the nature of their act or that it was wrong due to a 'disease of the mind'?

The McNaughtan Rules

What form of 'justice' in green criminology opposes 'speciesism' and focuses on abuses against non-human animals?

Species Justice

Which 1971 Act classifies controlled substances in the UK into Classes A, B, and C based on perceived harm?

The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971

What are the three components of Paul Goldstein's (1985) tripartite framework for the drugs-crime nexus?

Psychopharmacological, economic-compulsive, and systemic

Who coined the term 'ecocide' in 2010 to describe extensive destruction to ecosystems?

Polly Higgins

In media criminology, what does 'cultivation theory' by George Gerbner suggest?

Long-term exposure to media shapes an audience's perceptions of reality

According to the Macpherson Inquiry (1998) into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, what was the concluding diagnosis of the Metropolitan Police?

Institutional racism

What are the 'pains of imprisonment' as described by Sykes (1958)?

A shift from physical to psychological pain, including the loss of liberty and autonomy