Plant People Places final

Hyphea

small, thread-like filaments that make up most visible fungi

Chitin

a nitrogen-containing polysaccharides that provides support to the cell wall of fungi

Mycelium

a collective mass of hyphae

Parasite

an organism that obtains nutrients from a living host, causing harm to the host

mutualistic symbiont

an organism that obtains nutrients from a living but provides a benefit to that host

saprobe

an organism that obtains nutrients by breaking down non-living organic matter; a decomposer

protoplasmic toxin

a chemical that destroys the liver and kidney cells

Neurotoxin

a chemical that negatively affects the central or atomic nervous systems

gastrointestinal irritant

a chemical that causes nausea, vomiting, cramps, or diarrhea

saturated sat

contains all single bonds between the carbon atoms of the lipid

Unsaturated fat

the carbon molecules of the lipid share some double bonds

Drying oil

an oil that reacts with the oxygen in the air to form a thin, waterproof elast

nondrying oil

An oil that reacts remains liquid for long time periods when exposed to air

semi-drying oil

an oil that dries slowly or only at high temperatures

Natural fibers

fibers with a plant or animal orgin

mineral fibers

fibers from rocks

synthetic fibers

Fibers created using technology

surface fibers

fibers that cover seeds, leaves or fruit

Bast or soft fibers

cluster of phloem within the periderm of dicot stems

leaf or hard fibers

Veins if monocot leaves

auxin

a class of plant hormones that control the growth and development of plants

phototripism

Growth toward a light source

Gravitropism

growth down in response to gravity

Gibberellin

a class of plant hormones that stimulate internode development to make plants larger

Cytokinin

a class of plant hormones that stimulate cell division and differentiation of plant organs

Ethylene

a gas that controls plant development

cell wall

encloses a plant cell

Cellulose

a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support to a plant

ligin

a complex carbohydrate that strengthens cell wall and reduces rot

Pectin

a complex carbohydrate that binds cells together

plasma membrane

a semipermeable barrier controlling the movement of molecules in and out of a cell wall

osmosis

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from areas with more water to areas with less water

cytoplasm

composed of various organelle distributed in an inorganic matrix consisting mostly of water

Chloroplast

a double membrane organelle in which photosynthesis occurs, producing glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water

chlorophylls

a class of green pigments that allows for photosynthesis

carotenes

a class of orange pigments

Xanthophylls

a class of yellow pigments

mitochondria

a double membrane organelle in which cellular respiration occurs, producing energy, carbon dioxide, and water from the breakdown of sugar using oxygen

central vacuole

a membrane-bound organelle that contains cell sap-water and water-soluble molecules

Anthocyanin

a class of red blue or purple pigments

tannosome

An organelle found in the central vacuole that contains tannins

tannins

a class of dark brown protective molecules that ward off herbivory and provide UV protection

nucleus

stores genetic information as DNA which controls the production of proteins with cells

Hearthwood

the center of a trunk is made up of a secondary xylem and is darker in color than the sapwood

Sapwood

the lighter colored wood surrounding the heartwood that provides support and transport of nutrients

Pulp

a watery suspension of cellulose-rich plant material

resins

Chemical produced by plants as protection from herbivory and decomposition

Cork

material produced by the cork cambium of trees as the epidermis of the trunk is replaced by the periderm

vegetarian

a person whose diet that doesnt include any flesh ‘

vegan

a person whose diet that doesn’t include any animal products

macronutrient

a nutrient the body needs in large amount in order to supply energy and cellular building blocks

micronutrient

a nutrient the body needs in small amount to provide optimal cellular metabolism

nutrient

a component of food that performs a physiological function in the body l

essential nutrient

a nutrient the body needs in order to function but cant manufacture in adequate amounts and therefore must be part of the diet

carbohydrate

organic molecules that functions in energy stonage

monosaccharide

a single sugar molecule

disaccharide

a sugar molecule containing two monosaccharides

polysaccharide

a molecule containing hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

glycogen

the short-term energy storage molecule of animals

Starch

the energy storage molecule of plants

cellulose

a carbohydrate that provides structural support to plants

ketosis

a metabolic state that occurs when the body burns fat for energy instead of glucose

fiber

indigestible carbohydrates

protein

an organic polymer composed of amino acids important to the structure and function of cells

complete protein

a protein that contains all 20 essentials amino acids

incomplete proteins

a protein that lacks an essential amino acid

kwashiorkor

a severe form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein chatacterized by fluid retention

lipids

a diverse category of hydrophobic molecules

hydrophobic

doesn’t mix with water

saturated fat

a triglyceride that contains all single bonds between the carbon atoms

unsaturated fat

a triglyceride that has some double bonds between carbon atoms

trans fat

acts like saturated fats but are chemically unsaturated

vitamin

an organic compound the body need for metabolic purpose but cant manufacture in adequate amounts

pellagra

a disorder brought on by a niacin deficiency characterized bu skin lesions and mental confusions

mineral

inorganic compounds the body needs for metabolic purpose

what two molecules make up a plant cell wall

composed of cellulose and lignin

cellulose function

used to produce paper products, textiles, and as a potential base for biofuels

lignin function

found in cells providing support, protection, and water conductions

what does the cell wall enclose

the plasma membrane

What do the dots respresent

dark green drop- central vacuole

purple dot- chloroplast

Red dot- mitochondria

pink dot- cytoplasm

light green dot- nucleus

what are the four groups of gymnosperm

Gnetophytes, ginkgo, cycads, and conifers

what are the uses of wood

wood provides strength, insulation, versatility, and aesthetic appeal, and must harvest trees sustainably. The hardness of wood is determined by the strength of the cell walls and tied to lignin levels. Most softwood is uses for lumber

wood as lumbar

fell the trees, take to a sawmill, debark the log, lock for metal, cut into lumbar, and then dry lumbar. The grain of wood depends in the thickness of the cell walls.

wood as fuel

a primary source of fuel up until the Industrial Revolution. Burning wood is not very energy-efficient. Energy content can be increased if wood is turned into charcoal, and can be turned into pellets

wood as pulp

used to produce paper, cardboard, fireboard, rayon, cellphone, cellulose acetate

Wood products

Resins- are produced by trees as protection

Cork- is produced by the cork cambium as the epidermis of the trunk is replaced by the periderm

what are fungi mostly composed of?

hyphea

what are fungal cell walls composed of?

chitin

What may hyphae form?

mycelium

what are three methods fungi use to get nutrients?

from the environment, may be parasites, and may be mutualistic symbionts

Fungi produce food

can be used to ferment food (pickles), and can produce alcohol. Yeast produces alcohol and carbon dioxide breaking down sugar in the absence of oxygen

Fungi produce drugs

produces a chemical that inhibits the growth of bacteria, most wisely used as antibiotics today, and the first effective antibiotic was developed from penicillium.

What are the three different types of toxins produced in fungi

Protoplasmic toxins, Aflotoxins, and neurotoxins

Fungi can cause plant disease

80% of all plant diseases are caused by fungi, American chestnut. Blight, Dutch elm disease, Irish potato famine

How does fungi infect people?

It mostly affects the hair, skin, and nails. Ringworm is caused by fungi that break down kertain. Yeast infections occur in warm, moist locations on the body.

Fungi may be used as building materials

use mycelium to produce bricks or packaging, bicycling of demolition waste, and use mycelium to produce clothing.

where was coffee domesticated?

Native to the mountains of Ethiopia

what part of the coffee plant do we use? Is it a monocot or a dicot? How is it harvested?

We use the cherries produced by the plant. Coffee is a dicot. Coffee is made on a plant for decades, cherries from the plant are often picked by hand, and the cherries go through a wet or dry process.

where was cotton domesticated?

Domesticated multipiule times. First harvested in Peru 10,000 years ago, then domesticated in Sudan and India 7,000 years ago

what are the uses of cotton?

Cotton is spun into yarn or thread and then woven or knit into clothes; bleaching, mercerization to improve the strength and luster of fibers and affinity for dyes, applications of sizing to make fabric smoother and improve sheen, and applying finishes like permanent press.