Biomechanics Unit 1 exam

Biomechanics

Application of mechanical principles to living organisms.

Kinesiology

Study of human movement.

Sports Medicine

Clinical and scientific aspects of sports and exercise.

Occupational Biomechanics

Prevention of work-related injuries and performance improvement.

Kinematics

Study of motion description (sequence and timing).

Kinetics

Study of forces involved in motion.

Statics

Systems with no acceleration (can be stationary).

Dynamics

Systems with acceleration.

Anatomical Reference Position

Standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

Sagittal Plane

Divides body into left and right, involves flexion and extension.

Frontal Plane

Divides body into front and back, involves hip abduction and adduction.

Transverse Plane

Divides body into top and bottom, involves rotation, pronation, and supination.

Mass

Amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg).

Weight

Gravitational force acting on a body (wt = ma).

Inertia

Resistance to change in motion; higher mass equals higher inertia.

Force

A push or pull acting on a body (F = ma).

Center of Gravity

Point where body weight is equally balanced.

Pressure

Force per unit area (P = F/A).

Stress

Distribution of force within a body (Stress = F/A).

Volume

3D space occupied by a body (V = l × w × h).

Density

Mass per unit volume (Density = Mass/Volume).

Torque

Rotational effect of an eccentric force (T = F × d).

Impulse

Force applied over time (J = F × t).

Compression

Pressing force through the body.

Tension

Stretching force through the body.

Shear

Force parallel to the body (e.g., ACL tear).

Bending

Tension on one side, compression on the other.

Torsion

Twisting force (e.g., snake bite).

Combined Loading

Multiple forces acting together.

Vector

Has both magnitude and direction.

Scalar

Has only magnitude.

Biomechanics

Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

Kinesiology

Study of human movement

Sports medicine

Clinical and scientific aspects of sports and exercise

Kinematics

Study of the description of motion

Kinetics

Study of forces associated with motion

Statics

Branch of mechanics dealing with systems at Constant state of motion

Dynamics

Branch of mechanics dealing with systems subject to acceleration

Occupational biomechanics

Field focused on preventing work-related injuries and improving work conditions and performance

Formal problem

A problem with a mathematical equation and specific components

Informal problem

A problem without a mathematical equation and more observational in nature

Inference

Process of forming deductions from available information

Qualitative analysis

- identify major question

-determine optimal perspectives

-determine the viewing distance

-number of trials/executions

-performer's attire and nature surrounding equipment

-visual observation, video camera, other tools

Optimal viewing perspectives

-Determining the best perspectives to view human motion

-finer movements ->gross movements

-closeup, medium, distant view

Linear motion

Motion along a straight or curved line with all parts of the body moving in the same direction at speed

Angular motion

Rotation around a central axis of rotation

Axis of rotation

Imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of rotation

General motion

Combination of translation and rotation

Frontal axis

Axis of rotation for movements in the sagittal plane

Sagittal axis

Axis of rotation for movements in the frontal plane

Longitudinal axis

Axis of rotation for movements in the transverse plane

Compression

Pressing or squeezing force directed axially through a point

Tension

Pulling or stressing force directed axially through a point

Shear

Force directed parallel or tangent to a surface

Bending

Asymmetric loading that produces tension on one side and compression on the opposite side

Torsion

Load producing twisting of a body around its longitudinal axis

Combined loading

Simultaneous action of more than one form of loading

Stress

Distribution of force within a body

Yield point

Point on the load-deformation curve where deformation becomes permanent

Failure

Loss of mechanical continuity

Force plates

Devices that measure ground reaction forces

Pressure platforms

Platforms that provide graphical or digital maps of pressures

Dynamometers

Devices used to measure forces

Vector

A quantity with magnitude and direction: SIZE AND DIRECTIONS

Scalar

A quantity with magnitude but no direction

acute loading

application of a single force of sufficient magnitude to cause injury to a biological tissue

-tearing meniscus

repetitve loading

repeated application of a subacute load that is usually of relatively low magnitude

-running on bad ankle

Deformation curve

x = deformation, y = load. Shows us where the elastic region vs plastic region are

elastic - back and forth

plastic - permanent

deformation - change in shape

yield point - deformation now permanent

failure point - "breaks"

* ex: ACL

qualitative analysis

describing without numbers

quantitative analysis

involving use of numbers

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