Final - Alertness

Consciousness Definition

depends on normal functioning of the brainstem, forebrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus, arousal circuits

Alertness

Consciousness Definition

uses the same circuits as alertness, with additional processioning in frontoparietal association cortex

attention

Consciousness Definition

depends on our ability to combine various higher-order forms of sensory, motor, emotional, into a unified and efficient summary of mental activity.

awareness

Alertness is activated by the ______ ________ activating system

ascending reticular

Neurotransmitter basic function:

Norepinephrine

mood

Neurotransmitter basic function:

Serotonin

mood, breathing

Neurotransmitter basic function:

Dopamine

movement

Neurotransmitter basic function:

Acetylcholine

arousal

Neurotransmitter basic function:

Glutamate

excitatory (increases brain activity)

Neurotransmitter basic function:

GABA

calming

Neurotransmitter basic function:

Histamine

promotes wakefulness

___________ can either facilitate or inhibit level of consciousness, sleep-wake cycle, emotional states, and motor behavior

neuromodulation

Dopamine projects from the VTA to the striatum which impacts _______

movement

Dopamine projects from the VTA to the limbic system which impacts the_____________

reward circuit

Dopamine projects from the VTA to the prefrontal cortex which impacts_______

working memory, attention

ADHD medicine ______ noradrenergic (NE) transmission

increases

Neurotransmitter involved in sympathetic blood pressure control

norepinephrine

__________ pathways are
believed to play a role in several
psychiatric syndromes, including
depression, anxiety, obsessive-
compulsive disorder, aggressive
behavior, and certain eating
disorders.

serotonergic (serotonin)

Deficits in ________ neurons
have been associated with
sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) and sudden unexpected
death in epilepsy (SUDEP),
both possibly caused by
impaired arousal

serotonin

__________ medications, used to treat
allergies, are thought to cause drowsiness
by blocking CNS histamine receptors

antihistamine

Neurotransmitter definition:
Impacts memory in the hippocampus

Nicotinic receptors play a role in attention, memory
and learning

Acetycholine

Neurotransmitter definition:

Working memory

Reward circuit

dopamine

Neurotransmitter definition:

The effects on the cortex can be inhibitory or
excitatory, but effects on the thalamus are generally
excitatory.

Functions include modulation of attention, sleep–wake
states, and mood

Norepinephrine

________ is a lengthy state of deep of
unconsciousness

coma

__________ is an extreme and irreversible form of coma.

brain death

_______ the person MAY have SC reflexes

Brain death

________ the person has BS and SC reflexes

coma

_____________ is unresponsive wakefulness state. May occur during end stages of dementia

Vegetative state

___________ has increased BS arousal

vegetative state

______ has increased cortical function

• sign of emergence from coma

• can follow simple commands

• may visual track

MCS

Behaviors such as coughing,
hiccupping, sneezing, yawning,
shivering, gagging, vomiting,
swallowing, laughing, and crying
are all heavily dependent on
circuits in the ____________
reticular formation.

pontomedullary