Transport Layer Protocols and Networking Concepts

TCP

Transport layer protocol that is connection oriented.

Network

Two processes running on two different hosts require this to communicate with each other.

Services provided by TCP

Reliable data delivery, Ordered data delivery, Congestion Control, Flow control, Connection oriented service, Byte Stream.

Checksum header

Main purpose is to detect data corruption during transmission.

Acknowledgement number in TCP segment

Sequence number of the next byte.

Sequence number in TCP segment

32 bit field that tracks order of bytes sent within a TCP connection.

Purpose of timeout for TCP segment

It retransmits segment that caused the timeout.

Datagram queuing

If the bandwidth of an input port is larger than the bandwidth of switching fabric, the datagram would be queued in the input port.

ICMP protocol

Main job is to communicate network-level information like error reporting and echo requests and replies.

Why fragment a datagram

To ensure transportation within networks with maximum packet sizes can be delivered.

Length of an IP address

32 bits.

Length of a MAC address

48 bits.

Changing an IP address

Yes, if you have permissions and control over the network.

Changing a MAC address

No.

Broadcast IP address

255.255.255.255 is used for broadcasting a message to all hosts located within the same subnet.

Broadcast MAC address

FF:FF:FF:FF:FF is used for broadcasting a message to find the MAC address of a host whose IP address is known.

Purpose of VLAN

Allows us to not have many routers between subnets.

Subnet mask for 25 systems

255.255.255.224 (/27).

Main job of DHCP server

Allow host to dynamically obtain IP addresses from network server when it joins the network.

Dynamic IP address allocation

Makes networking easier, faster, and more efficient.

NAT

Network Address Translation.

Purpose of NAT

It solves IP address limitations and enables private networks to communicate with the public internet.

Length of IPV6 address

128 bits.

Size of IPV4 header

Minimum size of 20 bytes and maximum size of 60 bytes.

Size of IPV6 header

40 bytes.