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Pulmonary Ventilation
Movement of air into/out of lungs
Air flow is directly/indirectly proportional to pressure difference
directly
Air flow is directly/indirectly proportional to frictional resistance to flow
indirectly
Pressure difference sin the pulmonary system are induced by…
lung volume changes
Pressure Difference
Difference between atm/IP pressure
greater pressure difference the greater the…
pressure gradient
atmospheric pressure → intrapulmonary pressure →
air moves into lungs
intrapulmonary pressure → atmospheric pressure →
air moves into atmosphere
Boyle’s law posits that…
volume and pressure are inversely related
inspiration
active process caused by changes in thoracic volume
during inspiration…
diaphragm _____ and moves ______ lowering the
contracts, lower, thoracic floor
external intercostals ___ and ___- the ribs and sternum ______
contract, lift, up & out
during inspiration, thoracic volume _____- so IP pressure
increases, drops
ATM air rushes in down pressure gradient to equilibrate the gradient until…
IP = ATM
What muscle is not apart of inspiration?
Trapezius
Scalenes
Sternocleiodmastoid
Pectoralis Minor
Pectoralis major
Pec major
Trapezius
Expiration
passive process at rest caused by thoracic volume changes
During expiration, what happens to inspiratory muscles?
diaphrgram/ext intercostals
relax & recoil elevating thoracic floor returning ribs/sternum to original positions
during expiration, Tvol and IP…
Thoracic volume decreases so IP increases
During expiration, pulmonary air is forced down pressure gradient to…
equilibrate the gradient
Lung Compliance
lung stretchability
the lung must be able to expand when ATM pressure > IP pressure
T
elasticity
lungs’ ability to return to original size after distention
the lung must be able to recoil when…
IP > ATM P
Surface tension
exerted by alveolar fluid
If ST is too high, the lungs will
collapse and/or resist expansionairf
airflow is directly ppt to resistance
false, inversely
bronchiole diameter inversely affects resistance within
the airway
parasympathetic stimulation/histamine released can cause bronchodilation
F, bronchoconstriction
Sympathetic stimulation causes
bronchiole dilation
Increase PCO2/ or decrease PO2/pH → stem inspiration centers →
force & frequency of inspiratory
the central chemoreceptors are _____ monitoring CSF
medulla oblongata
the peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the _______ and monitor arterial blood
aortic arch, carotid bodies
CO2 + H2O ← → H2CO3 ← → H+ HCO3-
More H+ less pH
Pulmonary minute ventilation (VE/MV) must increase during exercise due to increased demand for O2 and increased need to deliver CO2 to lungs
T
obstructive respiratory diseases
emphysema, asthma, COPD, bronchitis
restrictive respiratory diseases
pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary vascular disease
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath
RR
number of respirations/minute
PMV
Vol of air breathed/min
Vital Capacity
Vol of air that can be expelled after maximal expiration
TLC
Vol of air in lungs at end of maximal inspiraiton
ATPS
the volume of ambient air is @ lab temp and pressure and is saturated with water vapor
Respiration
Oxidate phosphorylation (H+/e- exchange in ETC)
Internal Resp
O2 utilization and CO2 prod by tissues
Airflow formula
P1-P2/Resistance
70% lung expansion due to…
anterior-posterior enlargement
30% of lung expansion due to
descending diaphragm
spirometry
measurement of pulmonary volumes/rates of expired airflow (diagnose lung disease)
obstructive disorder result
reduced rate of air movement
restrictive disorder result
less increase in thoracic volume during inspiration
primary factor of obstructive disorders
narrowed airways, increased resistance
primary factor of restrictive. disorders
decreased lung compliance (resistance to expansion)
