Spaatz Aerospace: The Journey of Flight 3rd Edition Chapter 26

Which treaty stated that space would be used "exclusively for peaceful purposes?"

The 1967 Outer Space Treaty

What system permits users to instantly determine their position, provides their velocity and time, and is more accurate than any radio system?

GPS

What is the Earth Observing System?

It studies how air, land, water and life interact on earth

What is the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite?

It studies interaction of earth and radiation energy from the sun

What is the Explorer I?

It discovered the Van Allen Radiation Belts

What is the High Energy Astronomy Observatory?

It discovered burst of gamma rays from Galaxy Centaurus A

What is the Hubble Space Telescope?

It solved the problems of light pollution and atmospheric interference allowing astronomers to attain clearer pictures of celestial bodies

What is the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory?

It improved knowledge of interstellar gases

What is the Orbiting Solar Observatory?

It studied the sun's protection of x-rays and gamma rays

What is the Solar Mesosphere Explorer?

It studied the reaction between sunlight and earth's ozone layer

What is the X-ray Timing Explorer?

It studies white dwarfs, black holes, active galactic nuclei

Cassini:

An international robotic probe sent to Saturn to study rings, atmosphere, magnetosphere

Galileo:

Launched to take direct measurements of Jupiter's atmosphere and explore its moons

Giotto:

Launched by ESA to investigate Halley's Comet

Lunar Orbiters:

Launched in 1966-1967, five probes provided high-quality photographs of the moon's entire surface

Mariners:

Flyby missions investigated Mercury and Venus

Mars Global Surveyor:

Launched in 1996 to investigate Martian geology, resources, climate and weather

Pathfinder:

Put the first rover on another planet (Mars) to perform rock and soil composition experiments

Pioneers:

Provided the first close-up pictures of Jupiter and Saturn

Rangers:

Provided the first close-up pictures of the moon

Surveyors:

Gathered information about the moon that helped Apollo planners know what to expect

Vikings:

Investigated Mars using both orbiters and landers; they also tested soil samples

Voyagers:

Flew past Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, now headed for interstellar space

What are unmanned exploratory spacecraft traveling beyond earth's orbit called?

Probes

What are spacecraft that orbit the earth called?

Satellites

Sputnik, the first Soviet satellite, established the rights of satellites to do what?

Fly over countries without permission

Passive communications satellites reflect the radio or television signals while what kind of communications satellites amplify the signals before return?

Active

The GPS positioning accuracy will vary depending on the user's Selective Availability as well as what?

The Precise Positioning Service and user's equipment quality

Identify the satellite type with its function: DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program)

Weather

Identify the satellite type with its function: DSP (Defense

Support Program)

Reconnaissance

Identify the satellite type with its function: GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)

Weather

Identify the satellite type with its function: LANDSAT (Land Remote Sensing Commercialization)

Multi-Spectral Imaging

Identify the satellite type with its function: NIMBUS

Weather

Identify the satellite type with its function: SPOT

Multi-Spectral Imaging

Identify the satellite type with its function: TIROS

Weather

The International Telecommunications Union Policy of "first come, first served" in assigning Geostationary Orbits (GEO) conflicted with what principle of space law?

Equal access for all

Eight equatorial nations responded to the ITU Policy with the Bogata Declaration (1976), in which they claimed sovereignty over the what above their territories?

Geostationary Orbits (GEO)

The acronym DMSP stands for Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, which provides weather data exclusively to the military, using an optical system to provide visual and what other kind of data?

Infrared cloud

The two purposes of scientific satellites are orbital astronomy and what?

Environmental analysis

Identified as L4 and L5, these points in space where a body will be in equilibrium are the most likely potential place for what?

Placement of future space colonies

Which spacecraft launch agencies has only recently been acknowledged to exist?

National security

Which of the following is not a source of space law? A. Customs B. Treaties C. UN decrees D. International courts

C. UN decrees

What did the Land Remote Sensing Commercialization Act do?

It allowed the sale of government data, set limits on the quality of the data that could be sold, directed that data be provided to all customers at the same costs

Which member of the 1998 International Space Station Agreement started participating in 1993 and signed the new 1998 agreement?

Russia

True of false: Scientific application satellites gather information that may or may not have immediate use

True

True of false: Telstar 1 was the first telecommunications satellite

False: The Communications Satellite (SATCOM) System began in 1958 when taped messages were broadcast from orbit. The Score satellite operated for only 13 days

True of false: TRANSIT and TIMATION, both developed by the US Navy, were precursors to the Global Positioning System

True

True of false: Taking photos and infrared observations are the only activities of reconnaissance satellites

False: they can be done by scientific satellites as well

Describe the three basic principles of space law:

Freedom of use—all nations should have access to space; Non-appropriation—no one owns any part of space; Use of space—since space belongs to all mankind, all nations should share its benefits

What were the two most significant provisions of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967?

It documented the three principles of space law in written form and it legitimized a military presence in space by allowing military personnel to conduct scientific research

Briefly describe the situation that led to the ABM Treaty and explain why it is significant to space operations:

The ICBMs of the Superpowers could reach each other with mass destruction and Anti-Ballistic Missiles were under development to protect each nation, thereby increasing the likelihood of a first strike in nuclear war. To prevent this, both countries agreed not to develop ABM systems, including in space. The treaty is important because it specifies monitoring compliance from space, thus sanctioning monitoring other countries from space

How did the National Aeronautics and Space Act help space exploration in the United States?

It formed NASA and defined civil and military responsibilities and provided a process for coordination between them

How did the Commercial Space Launch Act aid the development of commercial space activities?

It authorizes the military to provide facilities and support for commercial launches. The launch company only has to pay for the service while the military pays to maintain the facilities

What three issues were at least partially resolved by the International Space Station Agreement?

Manage the use of the station through consensus; each nation's own copyrights apply to creations of its citizens while aboard; and each nation decides whether the activities aboard their section are for peaceful purposes (allowing military members to serve)

Name four categories of satellites:

Communication, navigation, observation, and scientific

Name four uses of communications satellites:

Media transmission (radio and television), pure data transmission (Internet), personal communication (cellular phones), and providing links to other spacecraft

List three segments of GPS and their functions:

Satellites, which act as precise reference points; Control System, operated by USAF to adjust the satellite positions if necessary; Receivers, use the broadcast signal to calculate its position, velocity, and time

What are three types of observation satellites?

Weather, Multi-Spectrum-Imaging, and Reconnaissance

What are the four purposes of reconnaissance satellites?

Provide early warning by detecting enemy missile launch; detecting nuclear explosions; monitoring radio and radar transmissions; photo surveillance

What are some of the potential reasons to construct space colonies?

Extensive materials processing and manufacturing can occur without polluting Earth's atmosphere, more unique and better products can be developed in space, could lead to human existence in other solar systems that do not have habitable planets, it's a new and different frontier