Speech Science FInal

5 components of speech

Respiration, PHonation, Resonance, Articulation, Prosody (shaping connected speech)

Respiration

Breathing and airflow for speech production

Phonation

Vibration of the vocal folds in the larynx; production of sound

Resonance

Sound from the larynx passes through the vocal tract and gains additional richness

Articulation

Pronunciation of sounds and strings of sounds: words, phrase, sentences

Prosody

Intonation, rhythm, stress/emphasis, and appropriate rate

Motor planning

Generates the appropriate set of signals sent to muscles. Dynamic, complex, context-specific; initially built from scratch, stored/recalled through motor memory, and refined with practice

Motor programming

More abstract/general ability to make similar motor plans; supports speed, accuracy, online, adjustment, and integration of multiple plans into larger wholes

Motor execution

Actual movement of muscles ot accomplish the goal, based on the plans/programs.

Frontolimbic system

Generates the speakers purpose from experiences, desires, and motivations

Linguistic - symbolic planning

chooses words, sentence structure, morphemes, and phonemes

Motor programming

Coordinates muscle position, tension, movement, and joint rigidity for sequential phonemes

Execution

Convergence of the upper levesl into actual speech

Apraxia of speech (primary level affected)

planning and/or programing

Dysarthria (primary level affected)

Execution of the speech-motor plan

Neurogenic stuttering (primary level affected)

Motor programing

language

assignment of meaning to speech sounds; a system using sounds, symbols, and gestures for communication

Five components of language

Morphology, syntax, phonology, semantics, pragmatics

Classic Wenicke-Geschwind Model

distinct brain areas for linguistic functions plus connecting pathways/tracts

Anterior ares (broca’s area + motor cortex)

production

Posterior area (Wernicke’s area + angular gyrus)

auditory comprehension and reading/ writing

Angular gyrus

understanding metaphors

Supramarginal gyrus

word recognition

Verbal expression relates to fluency and morphosytax

auditory comprehension relates to semantics, also known as repetition and naming

Broca’s aphasia

Effortful, telegraphic, halting

Reduced grammatical structure/function words/morphology

More content words

Comprehension relatively intact except syntax-dependent structures

Often more aware of deficits

Wernicke’s aphasia

Language can be 'empty' with little meaning

Intonation may remain appropriate

Frequent paraphasias; may include neologisms and circumlocutions

Comprehension impaired

Often less aware of deficits

Respiratory system for speech

Air movement requires a pressure difference between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure

Inspiration

alveolar pressure must be LESS than atmospheric pressure

Expiration

alveolar pressure must be GREATER than atmospheric pressure.

Thoracic cavity expands

volume increases → pressure decreases

Thoracic cavity shrinks

volume decrease → pressure increases

Passive force

Due to elastic properties of the respiratory system

Active force

Developed by contraction of respiratory muscles

Inspiration

Always active; diaphragm + external intercostals contract.

Expiration

Can be passive or active; active expiration uses internal intercostals.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Air inspired or expired during normal breathing.

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Air forcefully inspired after a normal tidal inspiration.

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Air forcefully expired after a normal tidal expiration.

Residual volume (RV)

Air remaining after the most forceful expiration.

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

TV + IRV

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

ERV + RV

Vital capacity (VC)

IRV + TV + ERV

Total lung capacity (TLC)

IRV + TV + ERV + RV