Chapter 5: Parenting Styles and Children's Socialization

first time parents

rely on a mixture of trial-and-error, intuition, personal experience, advice from family and friends, and information gleaned from articles and/or online sources

warm, loving, and consistent

positive emotional relationships are established when parents respond to young children in a manner that is _______

emotional attachment

there is an intense human need for what that is vital for survival, brain development, and social competence?

what children need from parents

attention, support, to be nurtured, and dependent to teach them skills needed to assume a productive role in society

educational background, available resources, cultural and religious norms, family structure, and geographical differences

a parent’s ability to recognize and successfully satisfy a child’s needs is influenced by what factors?

no it is bidirectional or transactional

is child-rearing a one direction process?

effective communication

requires that both the sender and receiver have a shared understanding of the intended message

verbal communication

refers to the words that are used to convey information

nonverbal communication

includes a person’s tone o voice, body language, emotional expressions, and active listening skills

active listening

involves not only hearing what a child is saying but also noting body language, tone of voice, and emotional expressions

also requires that an adult keep an open mind and restrain themselves from making a preconceived judgement until all of the information has been obtained

I-messages

effective for parents to use when they are angry or upset and likely to say something that they would later regret

consists of three statement components: how the parent feels, the behavior in question, and why the parent finds this behavior upsetting

the child’s age, behavior, the parents’ concern, and the context or situation

what factors influence the nature of parent-child communication?

baumrind’s classification model

how parents’ responsiveness influenced children’s socialization

authoritative parenting style

is often referred to as democratic parenting, and is recognized for achieving the most positive developmental outcomes for children

parents maintain an ideal balance of demandingness and responsiveness

they value two-way communication, provide rationales for rules and limits, use discipline for teaching purposes, and willingly listen to children’s perspective when they disagree

involve children in decision-making and relinquish parental control as a child ages and matures. they grant children limited freedom as long as the child’s actions don’t interfere with, or cause harm to, others. they are also successful in creating a warm, supportive parent-child relationship while maintaining respect, limits, and high standards

children with authoritative parents

self esteem, problem solving skills, empathy, trust, and self-control

better social-emotional skills and achieve a higher level of academic success

present fewer behavior problems, and are less likely to engage in delinquent, high-risk, or bullying behaviors

authoritarian parenting style

tend to be extremely rigid, directive, and demanding. have significant need for control and are disinterested in children’s involvement

set high behavioral standards for their children and expect unquestioning obedience. nonnegotiable rules are established to maintain order, no explanations are offered for why they are needed, and strict compliance is demanded

“because i told you so”

verbal interactions with children are more likely to be negative and critical and there is harsh discipline

children with authoritarian parents

difficulty learning impulse control and self-regulation and become dependent upon others for behavioral control

susceptible to rebellion and risky behavior and risk of childhood obesity and eating disorder

tend to be average in school, and high rate of anxiety, fear, and depression

permissive parenting style

are nurturing, caring, and exceedingly tolerant. their relationship with children resemble one of equals or friends, and not one in which they are a respected authority figure. make few demands on children

generous with gifts and privileges to gain a child’s favor and the establish few rules or limits

children are relatively free to do as they please and are left to self-regulate their own behavior and children will learn from their behavior

children of permissive parents

do not learn how to control their behavior or conform to social expectations

act impulsively, make poor decisions that may place them at risk, and make demands without regard to others’ feelings

lack a sense of purpose, connectedness, and self-worth due to years of parental overindulgence and lack of involvement

neglectful parenting style

is sometimes referred to as uninvolved child-rearing. these parents make few if any demands on children and show minimal interest in their welfare other than meeting the basic needs for food and shelter

are often depressed, under considerable duress, or simply lack the time or energy to care

children are basically left to provide for themselves and to make their own decisions. in extreme form, this approach to parenting represents maltreatment or neglect

children with neglectful parents

typically not interested in academics and tend to perform poorly in school

get along with peers but are more likely to experiment with dangerous behaviors due to a lack of impulse control

free-range

a current phrase describing a permissive parenting style is known as _________ parenting

factors that influence parenting style

personal philosphy and experiences, goals and objectives for a child’s behavior, child’s age, gender, and temperament, family size, parent’s education, ethnicity and culture, and social class, and stress

familiarity and personal choice

what are the two most common reasons why parents may adopt a particular parenting style?

survival, health, and happiness; financial independence and self-sufficiency; and adherence to cultural values and traditions

parents may use a particular parenting style or a combination of styles to help their children achieve what goals?

factors that influence parenting style

familiarity, children’s age, gender, temperament, family size, stress, and when parents don’t agree

interpretive

instilling family values is associated with which of galinsky’s six stages of parenting?

no

does a child’s gender affect one’s parenting style?

anticipate the child’s needs and likely reactions

when there is a difference in parent and child temperament, parents should do what?

fewer children

families with fewer or more children are able to devote more quality attention to each child, respond more quickly to their individual needs, and provide greater economic and emotional resources?

characteristics of an effective family education program

availability of, and access to, classes, providing parents with feedback, delivery over several weeks, being inclusive of participant diversity, and focus on specific skills

with a disability

recent research by woodman was the first to investigate how raising a child _________________ influenced parents’ expectations and response to their behavior

no

do the majority of new parents receive formal educational training about effective child-rearing practices?

adolescents

________ are particularly vulnerable to inconsistent or conflicting parenting styles

no, researchers have expressed concern about the subjective nature of the terms used and the lack of cultural relevance in the model

is baumrind’s model of parenting styles widely accepted among researchers in the field?

practices

children’s behavior has an impact on parenting _____

effective communication

both the sender and receiver provide a clear message and use active listening

authoritative

high demand and high response

both listen, and mutual respect both ways

better social-emotional skills

achieve higher levels of academic respect

authoritarian

high demand and low response

strict compliance

set high behavioral standards and expect unquestioned obedience

children have difficulty learning impulse control and self-regulation

average students in school

permissive

low demand and high response

children are more friends with their parents and have an equal relationship

expect more from children

few rules and think children will learn from their own mistakes

do not learn how to control their behavior or conform to social expectations

lack a sense of purpose, connectedness, and self-worth

neglectful

low demand and low response

lack of concern and emotional connection with children

children have to provide for themselves

parents may be depressed or have health issues

few demands but minimal interest

typically not interested in academics and tend to perform poorly in school

lack of impulse control

people may be a mix of a few parenting styles and they may not look at other cultures

what are some possible criticisms of baumrinds classification model?

concerted cultivation

for middle class (more money)

foster skills, utilize more structured activities (like after school sports), and closely monitor children

emerging sense of entitlement

accomplishment of natural growth

for lower class (fewer resources and less money)

set limits for children, love their children, let kids grow spontaneously, no structured activities (encourage outside play), use directives (tell kids what to do with no explanation), distrustful of schools

emerging sense of constraint