SMED: Vaccine Protocols

What are the three vaccination types?

Killed, modified live, and live

Type of vaccine comprised of a protein or piece of the intended pathogen that can stimulate immune response, but not cause disease

Killed

Type of vaccine derived from the naturally occuring pathogen but modified that it cannot cause disease but does allow for immune stimulation

Modified Live

Type of vaccination that contains a weakened form of the pathogen that can cause disease but with the intention that the severity is limited

Live

Characteristics of Killed vaccines

Unable to replicate

Weaker immune stimulation

More dependant on adjuvants (immune stimulating additives)

Safer in pregnant and immunosuppressed

Characteristics of Modified Live vaccines

Can replicate in host

More rapid onset of immunity

Could cause false positive results on certain tests

Core Feline Vaccines

FRCCP

Rabies

Non-core Feline Vaccines

FeLV

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

What falls under FRCCP?

Feline Rhinotracheitis/Feline Herpes Virus

Feline Calicivirus

Chlamydia

Feline Panleukopenia Virus (Feline Parvo)

FRCCP

What type of vaccine?

When are boosters given?

Where is it administered?

Modified Live

Boosters every 3-4 weeks starting at 6 weeks of age to 16-20 weeks of age

1 year booster after initial series then every 3 years after

R front limb

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Etiology

Feline Herpesvirus type-1

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Transmission

Direct and indirect transmission with contact of virus particles spread through saliva and ocular discharge

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis

When does disease show?

How long is active infection?

Will all infeced cats be carriers?

Shows 2-5 days from infections

Usually lasts 10-20 days

All infected cats will be carriers, most latent carriers

Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis Clinical Signs

Sneezing

Nasal discharge

Conjunctivitis

Blepharospasms

Clear to purulent discharge

Keratitis (inflammation of cornea)

Corneal ulcers

Corneal sequestrum (dead cornea, needs removed)

Feline Calicivirus Transmission

Direct and indirect transmission through oral, nasal, and ocular secretions

Feline Calicivirus Clinical Signs

Sneezing

Nasal discharge

Conjunctivitis

Oral/lingual ulcers (pathognomonic) - causes drooling

Some strains can cause lameness

Feline Calicivirus

How long can it survive?

Incubation period?

Shedding Period?

Up to a week

2-6 days

14-21 days to actively spread

Chlamydia Transmission

Direct contact

BACTERIA has poor survival outside the body

Chlamydia Clinical Signs

Conjunctivitis

Nasal discharge

Sneezing

Possible pneumonia

Feline Panleukopenia Eiology

Parvovirus

Feline Panleukopenia Transmission

Direct and indirect contact with urine, fecal, or nasal secretions

Feline Panleukopenia Clinical Signs

Diarrhea

Panleukopenia (decreased white blood cell count)

Anemia

Cerebellar Hypoplasia (kittens)

Feline Panleukopenia

Shed time?

Survival time?

1-2 days

Survive up to a year

Feline Rabies Vaccine Schedule

Kittens 12-16 weeks or older

Booster in 1 year

Subsequent boosters every 3 years

Feline Rabies Vaccine

What is included?

Where is it administered?

Recombinant live vaccine with Canarypox virus

R rear limb

FeLV dosage schedule

2 doses given 3-4 weeks apart as early as 8 weeks of age

FeLV

Who is it given to?

What does it contain?

Mostly indoor-outdoor and outdoor cats

Recombiant live canarypox vaccine

FIV Vaccine

None commercially available in the US

Did not offer great immunity to all strains

Yearly boosters

Possible FISS risk

Feline Leukemia Virus Etiology

Retrovirus

Feline Leukemia Virus Transmission

Direct and indirect contact with nasal, saliva, urine, feces, and milk (cat bites and allogrooming)

Feline Leukemia Virus Clinical Signs

Cancers (lymphoma)

Immune deficiency

Blood disorders (anemia)

Lymphadenopathy (reactive, enlarged lymph nodes)

Nicknamed Lovers Disease

Feline Leukemia Virus

Nicknames Fighters Disease

Feline Immunodeficiency Disease

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission

Direct contact, usually bite wounds

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus 3 phases

Acute Phase

Asymptomatic/Latent Phase

Progressive Phase

FIV Acute Phase

1-3 months after exposure

Febrile

Possible lymphadenopathy

FIV Asymptomatic/Latent Phase

Can last from months to years

FIV Progressive Phase

Immune suppressed

Secondary infections (urinary, respiratory, ocular, dermal)

Survival is only a few months

Gingivostomatitis

FIP

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Mutation of Feline Coronavirus

What is the saying for FIP?

All FIP cats have Feline Coronavirus, but not all Coronavirus cats have FIP

FIP

What will bloodwork typically show?

Severe elevation in globulins

Two forms of FIP

Wet form

Dry form

FIP - Wet Form

Cats develop fluid accumulation/effusions (third spacing)

Peritoneal - abdomen, Pleural - thorax

Rivalta test (high amount of false positives)

FIP - Dry Form

Visceral organ lesions (kidneys/liver/ocular)

Organ failure bloodwork changes

Where should injections be administered to avoid FISS?

Distal limb, ventral abdomen, or tail

What is fecal float used for?

To diagnose certain intestinal parasited by identifying parasitic eggs

What do fecal floats rely on?

Specific gravity solution and the density of the parasite

Usually solution of zinc sulfate or sodium nitrate

Shoot for a specific gravity of 1.2-1.3

Types of parasites that could be identified by fecal floats

Hookworms

Roundworms

Whipworms

Roundworm Transmission

Vertical

Spread from parent to offspring (transplacental/perinatal)

What is an optional intermediate host that has passively acquired the parasite through?

Paratenic Host

T/F

Roundworm eggs are not immediately infectious at the time of defecation

True

Hookworm Transmission

Cutaneous Larva Migrans

Transdermal transmission of round worms

Whipworm Transmission

Fecal-Oral

Ingestion of the embryonated eggs is the infective stage

What are whipworm eggs resistant to?

Desiccation, high temps, and UV exposure

Tapeworm Transmission

Fleas

Giardia

Single-celled, flagellated, protozoal parasite

Trophozoites

Giardia parasitic stage

Cysts

Giardia contagious stage

What is giardia commonly associated with?

Contaminated water

Causing a “greasy” stool

Which parasites are zoonotic?

Giardia (some)

Hookworms

Roundworms

Core Canine Vaccine

DA2PP

Rabies'

Leptospirosis

Non-core Canine Vaccines

Bordetella

Influenza

Lyme

What does DA2PP vaccinated for?

Distemper

Adenovirus type 2

Parainfluenza

Parvovirus

DA2PP

Puppies less than 16 weeks

Dogs greatter than 16 weeks

Boosters

At least 3 vaccines between 6-16 weeks of age; Given 2-4 weeks apart

2 vaccines; Given 2-4 weeks apart

Booster 1 year after initial series

Subsequent boosters every 3 years

DA2PP Injection Site

SQ R Shoulder

Nicknamed Hardpad Disease

Canine Distemper Virus

Canine Distemper Virus Etiology

Paramyxovirus

Is CDV contagious?

Yes, highly contagious

Especially in young urban or suburban dogs

CDV Transmission

Aerosol (coughing, sneezing)

CDV Clinical Signs

Respiratory: Fever, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis

GI: Anorexia, diarrhea

Neurologic: “Chewing gum” seizures, hyperkeratosis of footpads

CDV Diagnosis

Leukopenia

Serum/CSF IgM antibody testing

PCR test for CDV

Histopathology

CDV Treatment

IV fluids

GI protectants

Anti-seizure meds

Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections

CDV Control

Vaccinate

Dogs with proper immunity typically do not develop clinical signs and clear virus in 14 days

Is Parvovirus contagious?

Yes highly contagious enteritis almost exclusively in puppies

Parvovirus Transmission

Fecal-oral, fomites

Resistant to many disinfectants

Parvovirus Clinical Signs

Acute onset of lethargy

Anorexia

Vomiting

Bloody diarrhea

Parvovirus Diagnosis

ELISA (SNAP) test on feces

CBC - leukopenia, neutropenia (viral)

Parvovirus Treatment

IV fluids

Antiemetics, GI protectants

Nutritional support

Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection

Pain meds

Isolation

Parvovirus Control

Vaccinate

Limit environmental access until fully vaccinated

Recovered Parvo dogs have immunity for life

Rabies Vaccine Schedule

12-16 weeks of age

Booster 1 year after first vaccine

Subsequent boosters every 3 years

Rabies Injection Site

SQ R Hip

What is Rabies?

Viral Encephalomyelitis

Affects warm-blooded animals of all ages

ZOONOTIC

Rabies Transmission

Bite introducing saliva

Rabies Incubation Period

15-50 days

3 Forms of Rabies

Prodromal

Paralytic

Furious

Prodromal Form

Lasts 2-3 days

Changes in behavior - anxiety, solitude, possible fever

Pruritus at site of exposure

Paralytic Form

Most canine cases

Lasts 1-7 days to death

Lethargy, difficulty swallowing (“fear of water”), drooling, paralysis

Furious Form

Lasts 2-4 days to death

Aggression, biting, paralysis, seizures, ataxia

“Mad dog syndrome”

Rabies Diagnosis

IFA (Indirect Antibody Assay) of brain/nervous tissue

Rabies Treatment

Fatal

Usually within 7-10 days after onset of clinical signs

Rabies Control

Vaccine for prevention

10-day quarantine after human exposure from dog

How long of a rabies quarantine for…

Healthy, vaccinated dog that has bitten

Unvaccinated dog

10 days

6 months

Lepto Injection Site

SQ L Shoulder

Lepto Vaccine Schedule

Puppies at least 9 weeks old

Booster 2-4 weeks after initial vaccine

Subsequent boosters every year

Leptospirosis Etiology

Spirochete bacterium

What is Leptospirosis?

Infection of liver and kidney

Lepto Transmission

Direct exposure to contaminated water sources or urine from infected animal

Lepto Clinical Signs

Lethargy

Anorexia

Vomiting

Polyuria (excessive urinating)

Icterus

Lepto Diagnosis

Neutrophilia (increased neutrophils), anemia

Azotemia (increased kidney values)

Increased ALT, ALP, bilirubin (liver values)

PCR assay

Lepto Treatment

Antibiotics for 2 weeks (doxycycline)

± IV fluids

Management of liver and kidney injury

Urinary cath placement

Isolation