Genes and Chromosomes Overview

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Genome

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<p>The complete set of an organism's DNA, including all of its genes and noncoding sequences.</p>

The complete set of an organism's DNA, including all of its genes and noncoding sequences.

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Locus

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<p>A specific position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.</p>

A specific position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

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61 Terms

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Genome

The complete set of an organism's DNA, including all of its genes and noncoding sequences.

<p>The complete set of an organism's DNA, including all of its genes and noncoding sequences.</p>
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Locus

A specific position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

<p>A specific position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.</p>
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Histone protein

A simple protein bound to DNA, involved in the coiling of chromosomes

<p>A simple protein bound to DNA, involved in the coiling of chromosomes</p>
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Chromosome

A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

<p>A thread-like structure made of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.</p>
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Somatic cell

Any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells, containing a full set of chromosomes.

<p>Any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells, containing a full set of chromosomes.</p>
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Homologous chromosome

A pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, one inherited from each parent.

<p>A pair of chromosomes with the same gene sequence, one inherited from each parent.</p>
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germline cells

cells that produce gametes

<p>cells that produce gametes</p>
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Gonads

sex glands

<p>sex glands</p>
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chiasma

The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.

<p>The microscopically visible site where crossing over has occurred between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis.</p>
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Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

<p>An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.</p>
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carrier

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.

<p>A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.</p>
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sex linked genes

Genes located on the sex chromosomes.

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x-linked traits

a phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome

<p>a phenotype determined by an allele on an X chromosome</p>
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Y-linked traits

only males are affected, passed from father to all sons, does not skip generations

<p>only males are affected, passed from father to all sons, does not skip generations</p>
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environment

the surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.

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proportionate heritability

the amount of phenotypic variance that can be explained by genes in a given population

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Epigenetics

Nature Vs Nurture

<p>Nature Vs Nurture </p><p></p>
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gene expression

process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function

<p>process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function</p>
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DNA methylation

a meyth group attaches to a nucleotide and stops the gene from being read/ expressed in the phenotype

<p>a meyth group attaches to a nucleotide and stops the gene from being read/ expressed in the phenotype </p>
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monohybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

<p>A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits</p>
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test cross

the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

<p>the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype</p>
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diybrid cross

a cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits

<p>a cross between individuals that involves two pairs of contrasting traits</p>
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unlinked genes

genes that are found on different chromosomes

<p>genes that are found on different chromosomes</p>
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linked genes

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.

<p>Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.</p>
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crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

<p>Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.</p>
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Recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

<p>DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources</p>
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parental chromosomes

retain the allele combinations from each parent

<p>retain the allele combinations from each parent</p>
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DNA

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual

<p>DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule that contains the genetic code that is unique to every individual</p>
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Nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

<p>DNA and RNA</p>
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Nucleotide

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).

<p>A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA). A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T).</p>
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Gene

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

<p>A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.</p>
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Allele

A variant form of a gene, which can result in different phenotypic traits.

<p>A variant form of a gene, which can result in different phenotypic traits.</p>
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Inheritance

The passing of genetic information from parents to offspring, determining the traits of the offspring.

<p>The passing of genetic information from parents to offspring, determining the traits of the offspring.</p>
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Phenotype

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

<p>The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.</p>
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Haploid

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically found in gametes (sperm and egg cells).

<p>Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically found in gametes (sperm and egg cells).</p>
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Chromatid

One of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined by a centromere.

<p>One of the two identical copies of a replicated chromosome, joined by a centromere.</p>
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Karyotype

The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, used to detect genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.

<p>The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, used to detect genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities.</p>
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Autosome

A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, responsible for the inheritance of most traits.

<p>A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, responsible for the inheritance of most traits.</p>
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Sex chromosome

A chromosome involved in determining an individual's sex, such as the X and Y chromosomes in humans.

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Aneuploidy

The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, often leading to genetic disorders.

<p>The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, often leading to genetic disorders.</p>
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Polyploidy

(2)condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

<p>(2)condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes</p>
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monosomy

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

<p>Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number</p>
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Trisomy

3 copies of a chromosome

<p>3 copies of a chromosome</p>
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Tetrasomy

gain of two homologous chromosomes (2n+2)

<p>gain of two homologous chromosomes (2n+2)</p>
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Homologue

One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes

<p>One member of a homologous pair of chromosomes</p>
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Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

<p>Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms</p>
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Gametes

sex cells

<p>sex cells</p>
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Zygote

fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)

<p>fertilized egg cell that results from the union of a female gamete (egg, or ovum) with a male gamete (sperm)</p>
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metaphase plate

Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

<p>Plane midway between the two poles of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.</p>
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Cytokenis

The phase in the cell cycle that separates the cytoplasm forming 2 new cells

<p>The phase in the cell cycle that separates the cytoplasm forming 2 new cells</p>
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crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

<p>Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.</p>
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independent assortment

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

<p>Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes</p>
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dipolid

having two copies of each chromosome

<p>having two copies of each chromosome</p>
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Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

<p>An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait</p>
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Hetrozygous

individual that has two different alleles for a trait

<p>individual that has two different alleles for a trait</p>
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dominant allele

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

<p>An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.</p>
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recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

<p>An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present</p>
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incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele

<p>Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele</p>
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Transcrption

The first step of protein synthesis, in which the information on mRNA is "read" and translated into a sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of a protein

<p>The first step of protein synthesis, in which the information on mRNA is "read" and translated into a sequence of amino acids, the building blocks of a protein</p>
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Punnett Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

<p>A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross</p>
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Codominance

A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.

<p>A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.</p>