AP Bio Ch.13 - Meiosis

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Biology

Cells

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45 Terms

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Heredity / interhertiance

transmission of traits from one generation to another

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What is genetics

the study of heredity and variation

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*What are genes

Hereditary units of DNA (Units of inheritable traits)

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What is the genome

All of the genes composed together

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*** What is the point of meiosis

To make sperm and egg cells that might be used in sexual reproduction

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What are gametes

Cells that are used by plants and animals to pass on their genetic info

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What is the corresponding location for each gene called?

Locus

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What are locus

The corresponding location at which each specific gene can be found

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In asexual reproduction, what causes variation in family lines?

Mutations

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What is karyotyping?

The matching up of pairs of chromosomes from longest to shortest.

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What are the pairs of chromosomes used in karyotyping called?

Homologous chromosomes OR pairs of autosomes

(should know both probably!)

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How many homologous pairs of chromosomes would a male have?

22 (Males have XY sex chromosome pairā€” NOT homologous)

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How many homologous pairs of chromosomes would a female have?

23 (Females have XX sex chromosome pairā€” HOMOLOGOUS!! all 23 chromosomes are homologous)

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Does the sperm or egg dictate gender of offspring?

SpermW

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What are the two categories of chromosomes?

Autosomes and sex chromosomes

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What are autosomes?

The chromosomes that are not the sex chromosomes :] easy enough

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XY: male or female

male

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XX: male or female

female

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Is the sperm X or Y

Either X or Y

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Is the egg X or Y

ALWAYS Y

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*What does haploid mean

cells with a single set of chromosomes (not homologous pairs)

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*What does diploid mean

Both sets of chromosomes; have to be homologous.

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If a cell is haploid, you can immediately assumeā€¦

Meiosis is happening

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What are the only haploid cells in the human body?

sperm and egg cellsā€” GAMETES

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When does the life cycle start?

when the egg meets the sperm and is fertilized

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What process reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid?

meiosis

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How many cell divisions in meiosis? names?

2: meiosis I and meiosis II

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How many daughter cells are produced in meiosis

4

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what stage is the longest in meiosis?

Prophase I

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What happens in prophase I? (6)

  1. chromosomes condense

  2. Homologous chromosomes form tetrads

  3. Crossing over

  4. centrosome movement towards poles

  5. Spindle formation

  6. nuclear envelope breakdown

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How many chromosomes in 1 tetrad?

2

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how many chromatids in 1 tetrad?

4

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What is the point of crossing over?

to make unique gametesā€” genetic diveristyyy

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How do you remember how many chromatids are in one tetrad??

Tertris = tetra = each piece in tetris is 4 blocks = tetra = four = tetrad

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What are the only cells that do meiosis?

Germ line cells

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Does meiosis make zygotes

no

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What happens during metaphase I

tetrads align on the metaphase plate

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What happens during anaphase I

sister chromatids move towards polesā€” REMAIN ATTACHED

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what happens during telophase I and cytokinesis 1 (3)

  1. each cell will have sister chromatids

  2. cytokinesis

  3. chromosomes might unwind (depends on organism)

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In meiosis, what happens after telophase I and cytokinesis I?

Meiosis II!

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What happens in Meiosis II?

The same thing as mitosis, except for crossing over. isnā€™t mitosis bc cells are haploid

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*What makes meiosis unique? (5)

  1. Synapses

  2. crossing over

  3. chiasmata

  4. tetrads

  5. Sisters stay attached

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What 3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

  1. independent assortment

  2. crossing mover

    1. random fertilization

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**What is random assortment of chromosomes

The random orientation of the homologous pairs at metaphase I

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*What formula is used to figure out how many possible combinations of assortments there are?

What does the variable represent?

2āæ

n = haploids