BBH 452 Midterm

bacterial vaginosis 

disturbance of vaginal microbiome marked by a sharp loss of lactobacillus 

dysmenorrhea

general term used to describe severe cramping

endometriosis

clinical condition of severe cramping and bleeding that affects 10% of reproductive-age females 

HPV

• Most common STI in the U.S

• Persistent asymptomatic infection that spreads via skin-to skin contact through genital wart

PID

• pelvic inflammatory disease

• general term for an infection that affects the lining of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

DES

• diethylstilbestrol

• powerful synthetic drug that crosses the placenta of pregnant women and can damage repro of developing fetus

PCOS

medical condition that is typically composed of irregular cycles, high levels of androgens, and many small follicles

Von Willebrand disease

• Inherited bleeding disorder

• Deficiency in the amount or quality of protein that is required for blood to clot

Where did historical hysteria come from?

used as a fallback option to describe women’s symptoms

What received the diagnosis of hysteria throughout history?

illness that weren’t easily diagnosable

menstruation 

process in a female discharging blood and other materials from lining of the uterus at intervals of about one lunar month from puberty until menopause 

What are the two types of pelvic exams?

• pap smear - used to look for changes in cervical cells

• bimanual exam - gloved 2 fingers inserted into vagina and other hand pressing against abdomen to determine uterus health

empowerment

process of increasing the capacity of individuals and groups to make choices and to transform those choices into desired actions

What are the 3 pillars of empowerment?

• agency - autonomy

• resources - support, advice

• context - ecnomic, political environment

weathering

Chronic stress is associated with hypertension, weak immune system, heart disease on health

feminsm 

a belief in social, political, and economic equality of the sexes and social movements that organized around that belief 

What was the first wave of feminism?

• mid 1800/1900s

• organized around political rights, voting, and excluding black women

What was the second wave of feminism?

• 1960/1980s

• organized around women’s equal access to employment, education, and reproductive freedom

• excluded women of color, low-income, LGBTQ+

What was the third wave of feminism?

• 1990s

• focus on diversity and variety of identities that women possess, black feminsm, addressing sexual harassment

What was the fourth wave of feminism?

• holding powerful men accountable

• adressing oppressive systems

• inceasing women’s representation

medicalization

process in which physical characteristics, conditions, and behaviors are labeled as medical issues that can be treated by professionals

What 3 hormones are associated with menstruation and ovulation?

• GnRH - stimulates anterior pituitary gland 

• FSH and lutenizing hormone 

What is the prevalence of eating disorders?

9% of the population will have an eating disorder 

What is the prevention of eating disorders?

teaching healthy nutrition and body acceptance

How does media influence body image?

tells us the “standard” of body image

What are the limitations of BMI? (4)

• doesn’t account for muscle weight

• individual body types 

• genetic diff 

• overall diff health habits and activity levels 

How can we empower women to have a better body image?

• focus on self-love

• accept and appreciate all bodies

• challenge beauty standards

colorism

lightness of one’s skin tone affort preferential social treatment to one group of people

What are the 4 main types of social support?

1. emotional - expression of empathy, love, trust 

2. appraisal - info. that is helpful for self-evaluation

3. instrumental - tangible aid and services 

4. informational - advice, suggestions, and inform

What are 6 social mechanisms that shape sexuality?

• sterotypes

• body image

• power

• religion

• medications/hormones

• cultural norms/notions

What is the masters and johnson model?

linear model of the 4 stages of physiological arousal

• excitement

• plateau

• orgasm

• resolution

What are the 3 limitations of the Masters and Johnson model?

• model does not fit all women

• biased sample

• reinforced the idea that orgasm and intercourse are necessary to have women’s sexual pleasure 

What are barriers to accessing birth control?

• poor sex ed

• shame/confusion

• laws

• cost

• kills sperm

• used in the moment

• 77% effective

spermicide

• stop semen from getting to cervix

• 71-86% effective

diaphragm/cervical cap 

• uses progesterone and estrogen

• stops ovulation 93% effective

transdermal patch AND vaginal ring

• progesterone ONLY

• 97-99%

• LARC

injectables

What is the most effective birth control method?

IUD - 99%

Which is the only dual protection birth control method?

condom prevents pregnancy and STIs

How do bacterial/parasitic STIs differ from viral STIs?

• bacterial/parasitic - treat w antibiotic or antimicrobial med

• viral - treat with medications, not curable

Which STIs are bacterial

• chlamydia

• gonnrhea 

• syphillis

What STIs are parasitic 

trichomniasis

Which 4 STIs are viral?

• genital herpes

• genital warts

• HIV and AIDs

• Hep B

What is the purpose of prenatal visits? (3)

• estimate due date

• check baby growth and vital signs

• screen (STIs, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes)

What are 3 challenges to maternity in the U.S?

• too few women get enough prenatal care

• high tech procedure are over used

• informed consent not always obtained 

What are food safety/precautions pregnant women shld take (3)?

• limit caffeine intake

• stop all, tobacco, other drugs

• limit unpasturized cheeses and diary

preeclampsia

serious pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure

eclampsia 

preeclampsia when siezures develop 

gestational diabetes

placenta blocks ability to use/make insulin so diabetes results and blood sugar too high

transferred via direct contact with sore

syphillis

transferred via contact with/ penis, vagina, mouth, or anus

gonorrhea 

transferred via anal/oral/vaginal sex

chlamydia

transferred via intercourse or vulva to vulva

trichomniasis

can be transferred during childbirth or contact of mouth, genitals, skin with blisters 

genital herpes 

transferred by genital-to-genital contact (even with a condom)

genital herpes (HPV)

ovaries 

organs that produce eggs and hormones 

fallopian tubes

carries egg to uterus

uterus

size of a plum where egg will be fertilized and grow

vulva

external genital organs

cervix 

opening from vagina to uterus 

What societal events have shaped sex education?

• learning through standardized films

• sex seen as religion

• women seen as source of diseases (STIs)

What societal events gave women a larger role in shaping their sexuality and control of their bodies?

• obscenity laws

• women’s rights

• access to birth control

• nausea/food aversions

• bloating

• tender breast

What are common symptoms in first trimester?

• rounding of belly

• fetal movement 

• increased energy and appetite 

What are common symptoms in the second trimester?

• back and pelvic pain

• easily winded

• insomnia

• heart burn

• braxton hicks

What are common symptoms for the third trimester?

• heavy bleeding

• cramps

• constipation

• trouble urinating

postpartum