euk div quiz 2

provide basic characteristics and examples of the major groups of Archaeplastida

all perform photosynthesis/primary endosymbiosis
first to evolve chloroplasts
multicellularity, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs

nonvascular plants

liverworts
mosses
hornworts

seedless vascular plants

lycophytes
pterophytes

seeded vascular plants

ginkgo
cyads
gnetophytes
conifers
flowering plants

bryophytes (characteristics+relationship to other land plants)

non vascular
small, herbaceous, non woody
ancestral state of all land plants(relationships of members of this group are unresolved)

Lycophytes and pterophytes (ferns)

seedless, vascular
can be larger than bryophytes, herbaceous, and non-woody
(LIKE BRYOPHYTES): have adaptations for living on land
required water for reproduction and are restricted to moist, shady habitats
(UNLIKE BRYOPHYTES): differences in reproduction, vascular tissue to transport water, minerals, and sugars/amino acids
xylem cell walls strengthened with lignin which provides structural support to stems and allows vascular plants to grow tall without wood roots to anchor plant and absorb water/nutrients from soil
true leaves to capture light for photosynthesis

identify angiosperms and gymnosperms on a phylogeny depicting embryophytes
describe diff between gymnosperms and angiosperms
describe major groups of angiosperms

gymnosperms

with naked seeds— not in ovaries (for phylogeny)
cone-bearing plants
produce seeds but do not make fruits
EX. conifers, cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes

angiosperms

with seeds enclosed in ovaries that will mature into fruits for seed dispersal (for phylogeny)
Most diverse and widespread of all plants, both woody and herbaceous species
EX. grasses, oak trees, daisies, all crops, palm trees, ivy, cacti, etc.

Angiosperm families

asteraceae(eudicot): the sunflower family (over 22,000 spp)
orchidaceae(monocot): over 20,000 spp

Compare amoebozoans to other organisms with pseudopodia

have lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopodia unlike Rhizaria to move and engulf prey by phagocytosis
Rhizaria have thread-like pseudopodia and shells/tests

Unikonts

include fungi and animals, all levels of complexity, no photosynthesis
2 clades- amoebozoans and opisthokonts

Amoebozoans

slime molds and “typical” amoeba (note the polygamy)
Entamoebas: lethal parasites of animals
Gymnamoeba: free-living and mostly unicellular

opisthokonts

fungi, animals, and their protistan relatives

Identify the evolutionary relationships of fungi to nucleariid amoebas and animals

fungi are most closely related to protistan nucleariids
animals are most closely related to unicellular protistan choanoflagellates

fungi group: chytrids

aquatic, flagellated spores

fungi group: zygomycetes

fast-growing bread mold

fungi group:glomeromycetes

soil mycorrhizae

fungi group:ascomycetes

yeasts, truffles, morels, penicillium mold

fungi group:basidiomycetes

common mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi

animal diversity

most animal diversity is arthropods (particularly insects)
mammals are a very small component of all animals

identify where animals fit into the overall phylogeny of eukaryotes and the sister taxon to animals

Eukarya—>unikonts—>opisthokonts—>animals
Choanoflagellates are the sister taxon to animals

describe the reason why Porifera are different from other animal phyla but answer the question “why are sponges animals?”

sponges have cellular organization and are asymmetrical, divergence among the METAZOA into parazoa and eumetazoa based on cells vs tissues and body symmetry. AND other groups possess tissues; have radial or bilateral symmetry
Sponges are animals because they meet the requirements of being multicellular, heterotrophic, diplontic, hox-like homeobox genes, and have collagen

Four sponge classes: calcarea

small sponges, all three body types. shallow marine water. spicules of calcium carbonate

Four sponge classes: demospongiae

over 90% of sponge species. all marine habitats and some in freshwater. All large conspicuous sponges. Spicules of silica, spongin

Four sponge classes: hexactinellida

intermediate size, deep sea and polar sponges. spicules of silica

Four sponge classes: homosceloromorpha

encrusting sponges of shallow marine waters, in caves or overhangs. Larvae may have epithelial layer (tissue). Relationships unclear, may be more related to Eumetazoa than to other sponges. Few spicules

cnidarian classification based on body plan (explain polyp and medusa)

polyp: cylindrical, usually sessile but some can move; solitary or colonial; tentacles surround a mouth/a.nus that faces upward
Medusa: umbrella-shaped “bell” floats and moves by contraction; tentacles surround a mouth/a.nus that faces downward

Compare the major groups of cnidaria and describe their differences in body form and life cycle

Hydrozoa: conspicuous polyp phase, colonial
Scyphozoa: conspicuous medusa phase, small polyp phase
Anthozoa: large polyp phase, medusa phase is absent
Cubozoa: conspicuous medusa phase, polyp unknown or inconspicuous

identify the five major classes in phylum Platyhelminthes

polycladida (free living) marine, branched gut, often brightly colored
tricladida (free living) includes planar; freshwater/terrestrial/marine; glide using cilia
Trematoda (parasitic) endoparasitic flukes, 2 hosts
monogenean (parasitic) ectoparasites of fish, 1 host

Cestoda (parasitic) tapeworms; endoparasites in digestive tract; no mouth; scolex with hooks/suckers; proglottids for reproduction

how parasitism evolved in the phylum Platyhelminthes group

Platyhelminthes evolved from free-living ancestors, with parasitism evolving later in the lineage leading to Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda.

Identify key characteristics of Gastropoda

body undergoes torsion (twisting), shell undergoes coiling (snails, slugs, nudibranchs)

Identify key characteristics of bivalvia

shell becomes bivalved with a hinge and muscles (clams, oysters, etc)

Identify key characteristics of Cephalopoda

foot becomes lobed into tentacles
highly developed head
shell is reduced or lost
(octopus, squid, nautilus and cuttlefish)

identify the two major clades of annelida (POLYCHAETA)

• marine, ancestral

• mostly benthic (live in/on the substrate)

• some are tube worms

• represents the ancestral state of the phylum

identify the two major clades of annelida (OLIGOCHAETA)

• includes earthworms+leeches

• earthworms=terrestrial detritivores

• leeches=ectoparasites

Describe the basic characteristics of Rotifera

wheel ‘animalcules’ wheel is a group of cilia on the headset in collecting food=called the Corona
among the smallest animals

• may be at the lower size limit for having organs

• most are less than 0.5 mm long

• lophotrochozoans

• widespread in freshwater habitats and places with a thin film of moisture. some in salt and brackish water

describe the basic characteristics of Nematoda

small size, similar appearance, high diversity=diversity poorly known
- only about 2% of species described

• probably second most diverse phylum— huge number of unknown species

• live in all environments

• dauers may be able to survive being frozen for thousands of years

• body plan/life history led to enormous ecological diversity and potential for evolutionary change

• parasitism has evolved almost 70 times in this group

compare the subphyla of phylum arthropoda: trilobita

ti-lobed longitudinally *extinct

compare the subphyla of phylum arthropoda: chelicerata

two tagmata, cephalothorax and abdomen, chelicerae/pinchers for feeding, spiders, mites, ticks, horshoe crabs

compare the subphyla of phylum arthropoda: myriapoda

minimal tagmosis: head and trunk. millipedes and centipedes

compare the subphyla of phylum arthropoda: crustacea

2 tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen. greatest diversity in body plan of all arthropods. crabs, barnacles, isopods, copepods.

compare the subphyla of phylum arthropoda: Hexapoda

3 tagmata: head, thorax, abdomen. classification based on wings and mode of development. insects.

differentiate between members of the five echinoderm classes: asteroidea

5 arms with tube feet. voracious predators, move and feed with tube feet, pentamerous. starfish

differentiate between members of the five echinoderm classes: echinoidea

arms fused to form a test, no arms. Aristotles lantern=complex chewing for grazing. sea urchins, sand dollars

differentiate between members of the five echinoderm classes: Holothuroidea

radial+bilateral, feeding tentacles. sea cucumbers

Describe the four characteristics that define members of chordata

1. notochord: flexible rod extending the length of the body, provides support, replaced by cartilage or bony vertebrae in some vertebrates (a spinal column)

2. single dorsal hollow nerve cord: becomes brain and spinal cord in vertebrates (lies dorsal to the notochord)

3. phayngeal(gill) slits: water enters mouth and exits through slits; contain the gills in aquatic species; becomes part of throat and ear cavity in tetrapods (=land vertebrates)

4. muscular post-anal tail: muscles arranged segmentally

describe details of the three subphyla of chordata: cephalochordata

retain all 4 chordata characteristics. throughout life gill slits filter feeding. lancelets

describe details of the three subphyla of chordata: Urochordata

larva, have all 4 chordata characteristics, adults have gill slits (feeding). sea squirts

describe details of the three subphyla of chordata: craniata

have all 4 cho. cha. at some point but many lose or replace them. braincase/cranium