Speech & Hearing AP

Exam 1

Anatomy

The study of structures.

Physiology

The study of functions

Nasal Cavity

Inside the nose, above the hard palate. Filters, warms, moistens air; adds resonance for nasal speech sounds.

Palate

Roof of the mouth (hard in front, soft/velum in back). Separates oral & nasal cavities; velum lifts/lowers to control nasal vs oral sounds.

Pharynx

The muscular tube connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus and larynx, involved in swallowing and articulation of speech sounds.

Larynx

The voice box located in the neck, which houses the vocal cords and is responsible for sound production and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

Laryngeal Opening into Pharynx

The aditus laryngis is the entrance to the larynx from the pharynx, allowing air passage and sound to be produced. It is protected by the epiglottis during swallowing.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that folds down over the trachea during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway. It pushes food/liquid toward the esophagus.

Esophagus

The muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) with the stomach. It transports food and liquids after they have been swallowed, utilizing peristaltic movements.

Prone

To lay face downwards, on stomach.

Supine

To lay facing upwards, on back.

Frontal Bone

The bone forming the forehead, front part of the skull and the upper part of the eye sockets. It plays a key role in protecting the brain and supporting the face.

Nasal Bone

Bridge of the nose. Supports nose structure, attachment for cartilage.

Zygomatic Bone

Cheekbones, sides of eye sockets, and part of the skull. They provide structure to the face and support the muscles involved in facial expressions.

Maxilla

The upper jawbone that contains the upper teeth and plays a vital role in chewing, speaking, and overall structure.

Mandible

Lower Jaw. The only movable bone of skull for chewing and speaking.

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

Between temporal bone (skull) and mandible (jaw). Allows movement (opening/closing) of the mouth. Hinge and sliding joint.

Clavicle

Collarbone. Between sternum and scapula, connects arm to trunk and stabilizes shoulder.

Sternoclavicular Joint

Between sternum and clavicle. Allows clavicle/shoulder movement with arm.

Sternum

Breastbone. Center of the chest. protects heart/lungs, connects ribs via cartilage.

Ribs

Curved bones forming ribcage. Protect heart/lungs, aid breathing.

Scapula

Shouldblade. Back of ribcage, upp back. Connects the humerus (arm bone) to clavicle, provides shoulder mobility.

Costal Cartilage

Cartilage attaching ribs to sternum (except floating ribs). Adds flexibility to ribcage for breathing.

Xiphoid Process

Small cartilage/bony projection at lower end of sternum. Attachment for abdominal muscles; landmark in CPR.

Vertebral Column

Spine. Supports body, protects/houses spinal cord, allows movement.

Pelvis

Below the torso. Supports spine, transfers weight to legs, protects pelvic organs.

Torso

trunk of the body, basically everything except the head, neck, arms, and legs. (Thorax + Abdomen).

Thorax (chest)

heart, lungs, ribs, sternum.

Abdomen

stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys

Ilium

Upper, large, part of pelvis. Supports abdominal muscles, hip structure.

Pubis (Pubic Bone)

Front, lower part of pelvis. Forms pubic symphysis joint; supports bladder/genital region.

Ischium

Lower, back part of pelvis. Bears weight when sitting.

Sacroiliac Joint

Between sacrum and ilium (pelvis). Transfers weight from spine to pelvis, provides stability.

Sacrum

Triangular bone at base of spine, above coccyx. Connects spine to pelvis, supports body weight.

Coccyx

Below the sacrum. Small triangular bone. 

Applied / Clinical Anatomy

Application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease, particularly as it relates to surgical procedures. 

Descriptive / Systemic Anatomy

Description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together. 

Gross Anatomy

Studies structures that are visible without a microscope. 

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines structures not visible to the unaided eye. 

Surface/ Superficial Anatomy

Studies the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially with reference to the organs beneath the surface.

Developmental Anatomy

Deals with the development of the organism from conception. 

Pathological Anatomy

Examines disease conditions or structural abnormalities.

Comparative Anatomy

Make comparisons across species boundaries. 

Electrophysiological Techniques

Those techniques that measure the electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system cells. 

Cytology

Examines structure and function of cells. 

Histology

The microscopic study of cells and tissues. 

Osteology

Studies structure and function of bones. 

Mycology

Examines muscle form and function.

Arthology

Studies the joints uniting bones.

Angiology

The study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system. 

Neurology

The study of diseases of the nervous system.