Cell Chapter 1

The Science of Biology

Linnaean System

classifies organisms based on hiearrchial groups

two basic cell types and what differentiates them

eukaryotic: more complex, genetic material is in a membrane-bounded nucleus

prokaryotic: smaller; no membrane bounded nucleus

three domains/describe them

archaea: prokaryotic; introns and exons

bacteria: prokaryotic; exons

eukarya: introns and extrons

introns

intervening noncoding sequences in RNA and DNA that are cut out during RNA processing

exons

code for proteins and stay in final messenger RNA

the four kingdoms of Eukarya and descibe them

Protista: unicellular eukaryotes with a very well defined nucleus

fungi: digest their food externally; mostly multi-cellular and non-photosynthetic; cell wall made from chitin

plantae: photosynthesis, terrestrial; cell wall is made from cellulose

animalia: non-photosynthetic, digest food internally, no cell wall, get energy from cellular respiration

cellular respiration

process of converting nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP

The Seven Fundamental Properties of Life

1. cellular organization

2. source of information

3. energy utilization

4. response to stimuli; homeostasis

5. growth, development

6. reproduction; heredity

7. evolution

the hierarchial organization on the cellular level

atoms —> molecules —> macromolecules —> organelles —> cells

The five concepts that Unify Biology

1. life is subject to chemical and physical laws

2. structure determines function

3. living things transform energy and matter

4. living systems depend on information transactions

5. evolution explains unity and diversity of life

homologous

same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function

analogous

structures of diff origin used for the same purpose

taxonomy

grouping based on common ancestry

reductionalism

break complex processes down to their simpler parts

systems biology

examines whole of a system as well as working of the parts