Our Western Heritage Test One

What is Heritage?

Something an individual or group can have. Inheritance, something that is passed down down from a group in the past that is valued, identity

What is "Western" referring to?

Europe

What is the time Frame of entire course?

3000 BC to 1500 AD

BCE stands for-

Before the common era

AD stands for-

Ano Domini, in the year of our Lord

What is the significance of the fertile crescent?

The point of reference where we get "east" and "west"

Where is the fertile crescent located?

In between Mediterranean Sea and Persian Gulf

What/where is Mesopotamia?

"between the rivers" Tigris (top) and Euphrates (bottom)

What are the 8 Important Civilizations?

Sumer, Egypt, Akkad, Babylon, Syria, Hittite, Phonecia, Israel

what do we know about Sumer?

Abraham's nationality

What do we know about Egypt?

Took advantage of the natural resources of the fertile crescent

Akkad was the first to develop what?

Development of written language

What do we know about Babylon?

Initial Babylonians conquered by Persia, afterwards Neo-Babylon emerged

Where were the Hittites?

Within the peninsula of Asia Minor, or at that time Anatolia

What do we know about Phonecia?

Based along the east coast of Mediterranean called the Levant. They were boat builders and traders, headed west towards the Black sea and Atlantic, started the colony of Carthage in Northern Africa, and Palestine along the Levant. Development of the alphabet

Israel

Joshua and the Israelites

What does art tell us?

It tells us about the life and religion of the early civilizations

What is Religion?

Something people look up to that is bigger than themselves

What are some examples of Sumerian Art?

Queens Lyre, Standard of Ur, Ziggurats, Stele

Queen's Lyre of the Sumerians

Circa 3500 BC. Archeologists made a plaster mold of the wood, used the original metal plating. Located at the British museum.

Standard of Ur of the Sumerians

Circa 2600-2400 BC. Giant box decorated with shells and mother, with imaging around the sides depicting the sacrifice of a ram, war, horses and chariots

Ziggurats of the Sumerians

Circa 4000 BC to 500 BC. Pyramid-like structures assumed to be religious centers

Stele of the Acadians

Circa 2600 BC. Memorial stone, reflects victory of Acadian victory, thanking their worshipped deity

Egyptian Art

Pyramids, Sphinx, Obelisk, Pharaoh busts, Rosetta Stone

Pyramids of the Egyptians

tombs, proof of a belief in an afterlife, point towards the sun in honor of the sun god Ra

Sphinx of the Egyptians

guards the souls of the buried

Obelisk of the Egyptians

stories high, covered in hieroglyphics topped with pyramids

Rosetta Stone of the Egyptians

Tablet depicting the language of the ancient Egyptians, more modern Egyptians, and Greeks. Discovered in the 1800s

Hittite Art

Urns (depicting bulls), Sphinx Gate

Assyrian Art

Lamassu (similar to sphinx and bull, man + eagle, must prove yourself worthy, once passed the feet are relaxed)

Babylonian Art

Stele (Law code of Hammurabi) Gate of Nebuchadnezzar/Ischar gate (2nd Babylonian Empire)

Legend of Zeus and Europe

Europa carried off by white bull (Zeus) to Crete, have son named Minus. Brothers search for her and spread culture along mediterranean

What is significant about the Aegean Sea Basin?

Site of the first three major civilizations. Topography-mountainous, difficult for growth of crops.

What were the first three major civilizations?

Cyclades

Minoan

Mycenean

Cyclades

300-1400 No record of written language, based on the little Aegean islands, so autonomously ruled by individual kings. Some small people statues found

Minoans

300-1400 BC Based on Crete. "Oldest civilization of Europe" Caphorites, descendants of Ham. Multiple Castles, Knossos most famous.

Mythical backstory-Minos gave birth to Minotaur demanding tributes to feed, Theseus saves tributes.

Religion-worshipped Zeus' mother, goddess of earth Rhea.

Uncovered written language just have no way to interpret

Myceneans

1600-1100 BCResided originally in Peloponneses, the hand below Greece. Wall builders, fortifiers. By year 1400 BC dominated all of Aegean Basin and absorbed Minoan civilizations.

Art-Mycenean art reflected military mindset, heroes, strength, honor. The Lions Gate, post and lentil form of a doorway

Excavated in 1800, beehive tombs believed to be that of Agamimnon. Between 1200-1100 BC, Myceneans and Minoans have disappeared

Homer and the Iliad

Trojan War

War between Myceneans and Troy.

Myth of the golden apple. Golden apple rolled, Paris called as arbitrator, Aphrodites promises him Helen, Trojan war.

What caused the Greek Dark age of 1100-800 BC?

Tidal waves, Tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanoes

A Dark Age is characterized by what four things?

1) All progress stops

2) regression begins

3) we don't know much about it

4) terrifying instability because of loss of political order

What were the two Post Dark Age People groups?

Survivors (remnants of the myceneans and minoans)

Invaders-all form a new civilization we call Greek. Share language and phonecian alphabet, but added vowels

Myth: who brought the alphabet and established a city in Delphi?

Cadmus, brother of Europa, a Phoenician

The people of the Aegean Sea Basin shared what three things?

culture, language, and religion

A dark age ends when what four things occur?

regression ends, progress begins, and political order returns, and written records return

The end of the Greek dark age brought the formation of what political structure?

city states, which began with a hill settlement and became a city with resources and stability

What was the topography of the Aegean Sea Basin and why was it significant?

rocky, communities were very autonomous roads were difficult to build. This made communication difficult between communities

Where is Peloponnesus?

The "hand" below Greece

Attica was significant because it contained what?

The most important city states located on Peloponnesus. Cadmus established Thebes (dragons teeth myth), Sparta, Athens, and Olympia

What year were the first Olympic games and what was the event?

776 BC, foot race

What was the Greek archaic age and when did it occur?

800-480 BC, the time period where the Greek city states grew up and developed their personalities

Sparta

Land locked, no navy, all resources spent on military. Train up soldiers at age 7 to 20, must serve for 40 years. "do or die sparta"

Athens

coastline, impressive navy. Life goal-be the best. Best speakers, architecture, thinkers, military strategist, developed democracy

During the archaic age, where did the city states begin to establish colonies?

Mediterranean and Black Sea Coastline

Colony of Miletus

located on the coast of Anatolia. Good resources, but threatened by the encroaching Persian empire

The Persian Empire

Over the course of 300 years, the Persians had swallowed Babylon, Phoenicia, Assyria, and were encroaching on Miletus under the rule of Darius the Emperor

Who answers Miletus call for help?

Athens, but are defeated

When Darius comes for Athens, which city state does not come to aid?

Sparta

In what year did Athens push the Persians out of Marathon?

490 BC

What year was the second attack on Athens, and who was the leader who carried out?

480 BC, Xerxes

What city did the Greeks choose as their battle ground to stall the Persians in the Second attack?

Thermopylae

How do the Greeks defeat the Persians?

Their Navy defeats the Persians

What are the aspects of a Column?

Base, shaft, frieze, capital

Greek Architecture-What are the aspects of a Doric Column?

No base, very plain, post and lentil design. Parthenon is the most famous example of a Doric column

Helenic Architecture-What are the aspects of an Ionic Column?

Capital-symmetrical, decorative, scrolls. Shafts-tapered. Base added unlike Doric. Erechtheion temple dedicated to Athena and Poseidon was Ionic

Helenistic Architecture-What are the aspects of a Corinthian Column?

Has a base, shaft-elaborate, double-fluted. Capital-very ornate, leaves vines, grapes etc. Frieze-very elaborate, gaudy.

What were the two main forms of Archaic Art?

Freestanding human statues, Kuros (male) and Kore (female). Initially autonomous emphasizing city state over the individual, eastern inspired style, always the same pose about to take a step. Transitioned into what we know as the westernized Greek style

Black Figure Pottery

What was the Hellenic Age and when did it occur?

480-323 BC, "golden age of Greece"

What does Hellenic mean?

Greek word that means Greek

What does Hellas mean?

Greek word that means Greece

What does Hellene mean?

Greek word that means Greek person

By what year were the city states working together and who was appointed leader?

480 BC, Athens

In what year was the permanent Delian League formed and who formed it?

478 BC, Athens

What was Sparta's league called?

Peloponnesian League

In what year was the first Peloponnesian War and who was involved?

460 BC, Sparta (Peloponnesia) and Athens (Delian League)

What are the start and end dates of the 30 year peace treaty between Sparta and Athens?

445-431 BC

What are THE Peloponnesian War (#2) start and end dates?

431-404 BC

Who is the first significant leader of the Macedonians?

Phillip II

In what year does Phillip II come to power?

359 BC

In what year does Phillip II defeat the Greek city states and form the League of Corinth?

338 BC

In what year is Phillip II assassinated and who takes over?

336 BC, Alexander the Great

In what year and where does Alexander the Great die?

323 BC, Babylon

How many of the 7 wonders were Greek?

5

Helenic Age architecture: theaters

Theater of Dionysus, Theater of Epidoris. Often religious one time performance, use of acoustics

What were some aspects of Helenic Sculptures?

Balance and beauty, contraposto (in between movement and action, S form, distinct faces

Examples: The Discus Thrower, Apollos

What were some of Phidias' most famous works?

Frieze of the Parthenon, Athena sculptor, Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Who perfected and implemented democracy?

Pericles

Who were three of the most significant philosophers?

Socrates (taught through questioning)

Plato (focus on earth and ethereal realm, cave analogy)

Aristotle (focus on physical natural realm)

What were Barbarians?

non-Greek speakers

What is Humanism?

A world view with human at the center, honoring human as created being

Helenistic

NOT Greek, but LIKE Greek, mimicking the Greek culture

How did the Greek culture spread beyond the Aegean Sea Basin?

Alexander spread the culture as he conquered

What was Ptolemy's territory

All Egypt

What is the common form of Greek language that was spoken throughout the Persian Empire?

Koine

What were the defining characteristics of Helenistic sculptures/art?

Statues in full movement, sensual, women no longer wear clothes

As the Gauls moved east, what city did they establish?

Glatia

What are four examples of Helenistic art?

Winged Victory, Gaul & Wife, Old Market Woman, Lacoön

What did the Greeks contribute to the west? There are 8 listed

Government-democracy, trial by peer jury

Philosophy-Plato, Socrates, Aristotle

Science-Questioning, demanding proof, look for natural causes rather than mythical. Chemistry, physics

History-record keeping

Math-Geometry

Theater-tragedy, comedy, etc.

Architecture-neo-classical

Olympic Games

What does Greco-Roman mean?

The Romans integrated Greeks into their culture because they were smart, useful, and innovative

Era of the Roman Kingdom

753-509 BC

Era of the Roman Republic

509-44 BC