producing monoclonal antibodies

What two types of cell are fused to make a hybridoma cell? .

A lymphocyte (which produces antibodies) and a tumor cell (which divides rapidly). The fusion creates a hybridoma that can both produce antibodies and divide indefinitely

How monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevent a person infected with HIV develop aids

Monoclonal antibodies is specific to HIV antigen

Monoclonal antibodies with antiretroviral drug attaches to HIV antigen

Drugs destroy the virus

What is an antigen?

An antigen is a molecule, often found on the surface of pathogens, that triggers an immune response by stimulating the production of antibodies.

How are monoclonal antibodies for HIV produced

• mouse is injected with antigen

• Mouse naturally produces lymphocytes

• Lymphocytes combine with cancer cells to create hybridoma

• Hybridoma is cloned to create many cells that produce the antibody

What is an antibody?

An antibody is a protein produced by B lymphocytes that specifically binds to an antigen to help neutralize or destroy pathogens.

What is a hybridoma?

A hybridoma is a laboratory-created cell formed by fusing a lymphocyte with a tumor cell. It is used to produce large quantities of identical (monoclonal) antibodies.

How has monoclonal antibody production changed since hybridomas were first invented?

Techniques have improved to allow more precise targeting of antigens, better selection of effective hybridomas, and safer, more scalable production for medical use.

Why is a mouse (rat) used in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

A mouse is injected with an antigen to stimulate its immune system to produce specific antibodies. The spleen cells from the mouse are then harvested and fused with tumor cells to create hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies.

How are monoclonal antibodies produced using rat

1. An antigen is injected into a mouse

2. The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen

3. Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation

4. The spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called myeloma cells to form hybridoma cellswhich divide indefinitely

5. These hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen