Origin of the Universe & Nuclear Fusion
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68 Terms
The Big Bang Theory explains that the universe began about…from an extremely hot and dense state and has been expanding ever since.
13.8 billion years ago
How did the Big Bang Theory explain the beginning of the Universe?
Started from an extremely hot and dense state and has been expanding ever since.
What are the 3 evidences?
• Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB)
• Red Shift showing the expansion of the universe/Expanding Universe
• Light Elements
It shows that the universe was once smaller and denser.
Expanding Universe or Red Shift
It reveals the cooled remnant energy of the hot early universe.
CMB Radiation
It confirms conditions matched Big Bang predictions.
Light Elements
It is the stretching of light toward the red end of the spectrum as galaxies move away from Earth due to the expansion of the universe
Redshift
Light is made up of a different colors at different wavelengths, which color has the longest wavelength?
Red
Hubble observed that distant galaxies are moving away from us—and the farther away they are, the ________ they travel.
faster
What is Hubble’s Law?
Hubble observed that distant galaxies are moving away from us—and the farther away they are, the faster they travel.
When was Edwin Hubble’s Dicovery?
1929
Edwin Hubble’s Disovery in 1929 is also known as…
Hubble’s Law
What happened in 1965?
Discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
When did the discovery of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation occur?
1965
It is a faint, uniform microwave radiation coming from every direction in space—the “afterglow” of the Big Bang.
Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Who discovered Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation?
Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson
What is CMB Radiation?
faint, uniform microwave radiation coming from every direction in space—the "afterglow" of the Big Bang.
What is the fusion of light elements to make heavy elements called?
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion inside stars forms elements such as…
carbon and oxygen.
Supernova explosions create and _____________ very heavy elements such as…
disperse, gold, silver, and Uranium (nuclear fuel).
In the first few minutes after the Big Bang, the universe was hot enough for nuclear fusion—a process called…
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
What happens at Stage 1 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?
Stage 1 - Universe at extreme heat and density
What happens at Stage 2 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?
Stage 2 - Protons and Neutrons form
What happens at Stage 3 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?
Stage 3 - Hydrogen nuclei (75%) and Helium nuclei (25%) fuse
Big Bang Theory explains the formation of the light elements. What is this called?
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
The Big Bang Nucelosynthesis explains the formation of what?
Light elemetns
What happens at Stage 4 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?
Stage 4 - Predicted abundances match observed cosmic ratios
Big Bang →
Light elements
Stars →
Medium-heavy elements
Supernova →
Very heavy elements
The is the scientific theory that the universe began about 13.8 billion years ago from an extremely hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since.
Big Bang
It was not an explosion in space—it was the expansion of space itself.
Big Bang
The faint leftover heat (afterglow) from the Big Bang that fills the entire universe.
CMB Radiation
Leftover heat from the Big Bang
CMB Radiation
It means galaxies are moving farther away from each other because space itself is expanding.
Expanding Universe
If the universe is expanding today, it must have been __________ and ________ in the past.
smaller, denser
It states that the farther a galaxy is from Earth, the faster it moves away from us.
Hubble’s Law
It shows that the universe is expanding.
Hubble’s Law
When light from a galaxy is stretched toward the red end of the spectrum because the galaxy is moving away from us.
Redshift
Red means…
moving away.
Blue means…
coming closer.
These type of elements are the first elements formed a few minutes after the Big Bang.
Light elements
What are some examples of Light Elements?
Hydrogen & Helium
elements formed inside stars through nuclear fusion or during supernova explosions and neutron star collisions.
Heavy Elements
process where small atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, releasing a huge amount of energy.
Nuclear Fusion
Hydrogen → Helium Where does this happen?
(inside stars)
It means join together.
Fusion
process where a large atomic nucleus splits into smaller nuclei, releasing energy.
Nuclear Fission
An example of this term is Uranium splitting inside a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear Fission
It means split apart.
fission
It is a huge collection of billions of stars, planets, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
galaxy
everything that exists, including all galaxies, stars, planets, space, time, and matter.
universe
smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of that element.
atom
a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
proton
a neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
neutron
a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom.
neutron
the dense center of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
nucleus
the process during the first few minutes after the Big Bang when the first light elements—mostly hydrogen and helium—were formed.
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
the powerful explosion of a massive star at the end of its life.
supernova
creates many elements heavier than iron and spreads them throughout space.
supernova
extremely dense core left behind after a massive star explodes as a supernova.
neutron star
the distance between two peaks of a wave.
wavelength
complete range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma rays.
electromagnetic spectrum
The Big Bang created the universe and the first light elements. What are they?
mostly hydrogen and helium)
The universe is expanding, shown by the redshift of galaxies. What is this law?
(Hubble's Law).
The CMB is the leftover ____ from the Big Bang.
heat
Stars create heavier elements through…
nuclear fusion
Supernovae and neutron star collisions create many of the heaviest elements (especially those heavier than…
iron