HORT 201 Exam 1

Forestry

the science and technology of culturing, utilizing, and improving forest trees and their products

Agronomy

the science and technology of improving field crops and their products

Horticulture

the science, technology, and art of culturing, utilizing, and improving fruit, vegetable, flowering, and ornamental plants

Olericulture

vegetable culture and production

Pomology

fruit and nut culture and production

Ornamental Horticulture

plants grown for aesthetic uses, improvement of our quality of life, and functional uses

Floriculture

flowering and foliage plant culture and production

Nursery Production

tree, shrub, and vine culture and production

Floristy

floral design and retail floristry operation

Landscape Horticulture

exterior and interior design, construction and maintenance of landscapes

Turf

grasses for lawns, landscapes, sport facilities and golf courses

Dermal System

protection from the environment and water loss

Epidermis

single layer of cells on primary (herbaceous) plant parts

periderm

aka bark, a corky tissue that replaces epidermis on secondary (woody) plants

vascular system

conduction of water, nutrients, sugars, and hormones throughout the plant

xylem

conducts water & nutrients up roots, stems, and leaves, aka wood

phloem

conducts water, sugar, hormones, etc. down and up roots, stems, and leaves; moves from where produced (source) to where needed (sink)

Ground Tissue

storage, support, filler tissue and site of photosynthesis

cortex

outer region of stems and roots

pith

center of stems

mesophyll

middle of leaves and flower petals

parenchyma

thin, non-lignified primary cell walls, filler, storage, protection, and photosynthesis cells

collenchyma

unevenly thickened, non-lignified cell walls, support in growing tissues cells

sclerenchyma

evenly thickened, lignified (tough) secondary cell walls, dead at maturity, support in mature tissues cells

fiber

long slender, pointed on both ends sclerenchyma

sclereid

multi-shaped or columnar sclerenchyma

cell wall

hard wall that surrounds plant cells

polysaccharide

a polymer or chain of sugars

cellulose

chains of b-1,4 linked glucose

hemicellulose

filler between cellulose microfibrils

pectin

cementing agent or filler; used to make jelling compounds

lignin

tough polymer of phenolic compounds; high in secondary cell wall

protein

mainly structural polypeptides

plasmalemma

a double membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm; composed of a bilayer of phospholipids and proteins; selectively permeable and regulates absorption into cells and leakage from cells

plasmodesmata

tubular plasma membrane extensions through cell walls that connect adjacent cells

cytoplasm

cytosol plus organelles, most metabolism occurs in the cytosol or its organelles

cytosol

much of the cytoplasm is a water solution of dissolved compounds

nucleus

location of DNA and some of the RNA

chromosome

strands or coils of DNA

nucleolus

spherical dense body; site of ribosome synthesis

mitochondria

major site of respiration

plastid

double-membrane bound bodies for storage and photosynthesis

leucoplast

colorless plastid

amyloplast

starch storage

elaioplast

fat and oil storage

chromoplast

colored plastids for storage of carotenoids (carotene is orange), (lycopene is red), (xanthophylls is yellow)

chloroplast

green plastids that chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis

endoplasmic reticulum

tubular membranes for communication across the cytoplasm; site of protein synthesis

ribosome

dense spheres of RNA; proteins synthesis occurs on their surface

vacuole

storage of organic acids, salts, anthocyanins (blue, purple, and red), metabolic wastes, enzymes, and metabolites

tonoplast

membrane that surrounds the vacuole

golgi body

disk-shaped membranes for membrane and polysaccharide synthesis

microbody

membrane-bound storage bodies with various functions

microtubule

tubular rods used in mitosis and cellular orientation in cell walls

DNA

a double helix chain of sugar-phosphates connected by nucleic acids

RNA

a single stranded chain of sugar-phosphates containing nucleic acids

nucleic acids

organic acids that form the base pairs of DNA and single-bases of RNA

chromosome

tightly coiled strands of DNA, which also include packing proteins to aid structure

gene

a length of DNA that codes for the production of a protein or protein subunit

enzyme

a polymer that acts as a metabolic catalyst

protein

a polymer or chain of amino acids

genetically modified organism

any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques as opposed to natural mating, mutations, recombinations, or traditional plant breeding techniques

meristem

discrete regions or groups of cells that possess continued cell division for the life of the plant or that organ

primary growth

growth in length that gives rise to primary (herbaceous) tissues called the primary plant body

apical meristem

the growing points located at the tips of stems and roots

intercalary meristem

the growth region at the base of grass leaves that causes leaves to elongate

secondary growth

growth in width or diameter that gives rise to secondary (woody or corky) tissues called the secondary plant body, due to lateral meristems

lateral meristems

meristematic regions along the sides of stems and roots

vascular cambium

a sheet-like meristem between the bark and wood along the sides of woody stems and roots; gives rise to secondary xylem (commonly called wood) on the inside and secondary phloem on the outside

cork cambium

gives rise to the periderm (commonly called bark)

monocot

plants with seeds containing one cotyledon

dicot

plants with seeds containing two cotyledons

gymnosperms

plants with cones that have naked seeds

bud

an underdeveloped and unelongated stem composed of a short axis with compressed internodes, a meristematic apex, and primordial leaves or/or flowers

bud break

when the bud states to grow the bud scales peel back and the young shoot or flowers start to emerge

terminal bud

a bud at the tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth

axillary bud

buds along side the axis of a stem; they at were produced by the terminal bud during growth; once they grow out and form a lateral stem they become terminal buds of the lateral branch

flower bud

a bud containing a floral meristem which develops into flowers; usually larger than vegetative buds

leaf scar

a scar marking the former point of attachment of a leaf or petiole to the stem

internode

the part of the stem between nodes

node

part of stem marking the point of attachment of leaves, flowers, fruits, buds and other stems

lenticel

rough ares on stems composed of loosely packed cells extending from the cortex through the ruptured epidermis; serve as “breathing pores” for gas exchange; only occurs on young stems

growth rings

bud scale scars from the last terminal bud; the denote flushes of growth (usually per year), can be used to age stems because usually 1 set of growth rings is produced per year on temperate trees in the Temperate Climatic Zone

tip

terminal point of the leaf

blade

or lamina, the flattened, green, expanded portion of a leaf

margin

edge of a leaf

midrib

the most prominent central vein in a leaf

lateral veins

secondary veins in a leaf

petiole

the leaf stalk

stipules

leaf-like appendages

leaflet

secondary leaf of a compound leaf

rachis

an extension of the petiole bearing leaflets

petiolule

the leaflet stalk

alternate arrangement

one leaf attached per node, usually staggered along stem

opposite arrangement

two leaves (a pair) attached per node, usually opposite each other

whorled arrangement

three or more leaves attached per node, usually equally spaced around the node

venation

arrangement of veins

pinnate venation

feather-like, net venation with lateral veins extending from a central midrib (dicots)

palmate venation

finger-like, net venation with several major veins diverging from the union of the petiole and the leaf blade (dicots)

parallel venation

principal veins parallel to the axis of the leaf (monocots)