PsychAssess_M4_Intelligence Scales

Psychological Testing

Administration of psychological tests

Psychological Tests

Used to assess various aspects of a person such as abilities, attributes, achievement, functioning, and personality

Psychological Tests

On a bigger scale, they are administered to gather information about a person to answer a specific reason for referral and propose possible interventions

Psychological Tests

Typically used in conjunction with other tools to get a more complete picture of a person

Intelligence tests

Personality tests

Two main types of psychological tests

Human Ability

What do intelligence tests measure?

Achievement tests

Aptitude tests

Two other types of tests other than intelligence tests

Human ability

Achievement and aptitude tests both measure what?

Achievement tests measure what a person has previously learned

Aptitude tests measure a person's potential for learning a specific skill

What do achievement tests and aptitude tests measure respectively?

Quizzes, final exams, national achievement test (NAT)

Examples of achievement tests

Career tests, high school aptitude tests

Examples of aptitude tests

Achievement tests = Content validity

Aptitude tests = Criterion (Predictive) validity

What type of validity do achievement tests and aptitude tests have respectively?

Intelligence tests: Measure a broad range of mental abilities

Achievement tests: Measure more specific abilities learned under standardized conditions (e.g formal schooling)

Aptitude tests: Reflect potential for specialized abilities (e.g., for specific tasks or careers)

What is the difference between intelligence tests, achievement tests, and intelligence tests?

Charles Spearman

This person's theory of intelligence which proposed that one single score can represent intelligence ('g')

Raymond Cattell

Person who proposed that general intelligence (g) can be subdivided into fluid intelligence (gf) and crystallized intelligence (gc)

Fluid intelligence

Intelligence that refers to the ability to adapt and solve novel reasoning problems (e.g., recognizing patterns)

Crystallized intelligence

Intelligence that refers to previously learned procedures and knowledge (e.g., defining what words mean)

John Carroll

Person who proposed that there are three layers when it comes to intelligence

1st layer: G factor

2nd layer: 8 broad abilities

3rd layer: Narrow abilities

What are the three layers of intelligence that John Carroll proposed?

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

Raymond Cattell, John Horn, and John Carroll integrated the two previous models (gf-gc and Carroll) into what theory?

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

Composed of general intelligence, 16 broad factors, and various narrow factors

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory

One of the most comprehensive and widely-research theories of intelligence and often used as a basis for the development of intelligence tests

Alfred Binet

"Father of intelligence testing" called upon to come up with a test that could help identify individuals with limited cognitive ability so they could receive special education

Alfred Binet's definition of intelligence

Ability to:

• Find and maintain a definite direction or purpose

• Make necessary adaptations

• Engage in self-criticism

Age Differentiation

General mental ability

In constructing intelligence tests, Alfred Binet was guided by two main concepts that also served as guiding principles for many other intelligence tests. What are these two main concepts?

Age differentiation

Concept in which older and younger children can be differentiated by their cognitive capacity which allowed Binet to estimate the mental ability of a child based on his completion of tasks designed for an average child of a certain age

Sum total

Alfred Binet decided to create a test that measured the ______ of intelligence, as opposed to measuring separate elements

Binet Scales

Intelligence tests that started with a single notion of intelligence but progressed over the years into one that acknowledges both fluid (gf) and crystallized (gc) intelligence

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB-5)

Most recent version of the Binet scales developed in 2003

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Measures five different cognitive areas with equal weight to verbal and non-verbal scales with a hierarchical representation of intelligence

Fluid Reasoning (FR)

Knowledge (KN)

Quantitative Reasoning (QR)

Visual/Spatial Reasoning (VS)

Working Memory (WM)

What are the 5 different cognitive areas that the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth edition (SB-5) measure?

Routing subtests

Verbal

Nonverbal

The Alfred-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB-5) begins with 2 subtests that examine the examinee's ______ and ______ ability

Age-scale format

The remaining subtests of the SB-5 are arranged in what format? This format groups various tasks together based on difficulty.

Basal score

Score that is established if the examinee obtains at least the minimum number of correct responses for a certain subtest

Ceiling score

Score that is established if the examinee obtains less than the minimum number of correct responses and can no longer proceed to the next level because this indicates that the test items have become too difficult

Scaled scores

After taking the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale, the examinee's ______ scores (Mean=10, SD=3) for each composite area (verbal and non-verbal domains) are computed

Mean = 10

SD = 3

What is the mean and SD for scaled scores in the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Standard

After computing the scaled scores for the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the examiner computes ______ scores (Mean=100, SD=15) that represents all 5 areas (FR, KN, QR, VS, and WM), only the verbal component, only the non-verbal component, and all areas combined (full-scale)

Mean=100

SD=15

What is the mean and SD of standardized scores?

It has better norms and more evidence for reliability and validity

Why is the 2003 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales better overall?

4,800 individuals (Including special populations)

Wide age-range (2-85 years old)

The 2003 revision of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales were standardized with how many individuals with what age range?

David Wechsler

This person believed that non-intellective factors (e.g., affect, behavior) should also be taken into account when measuring intelligence as such, though he recognized the concept of 'g,' the way he constructed his intelligence tests deviated from Binet's methods

The lack of validity when answered by adults

Issues with rapport between examiner and adult subjects

Timed tasks handicapped older adults

Mental age did not apply to adults

Intellectual performance could deteriorate as a person grew older

What were the issues Wechsler had with the Binet Scales?

Wechsler-Bellevue Scale

What was David Wechsler's first attempt in creating an intelligence test? It was created in 1939 and poorly standardized

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV)

After several revisions, the Wechsler scale reached its current version in 2008. What is it called?

Verbal Comprehension

Perceptual Organization

Working Memory

Processing Speed

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) includes 4 main areas with corresponding subtests that make up full-scale IQ. What are these four main areas?

Use of point-scale concept

Inclusion of nonverbal performance scale

Apart from the emphasis on adult intelligence, what else sets apart the Wechsler scales from other intelligence tests?

Point scale

Scale in which items were grouped by content (instead of by age) and for this reason, examinees were given credit for each correct item, and the test yielded multiple scores

Performance scale

Scale that includes nonverbal measures of intelligence that required the examinee to DO something rather than simply answering questions

Raw scores

Scaled scores

Full scale IQ

______ scores for each subtest are converted to ______ scores (Mean=10, SD=3) and aggregated into four composite scores and the ______ (Mean=100, SD=15)

Mean=10

SD=3

What is the mean and SD of scaled scores in the Wechsler Scale?

Mean=100

SD=15

What is the mean and SD of full scale IQ in the Wechsler Scale?

Impressive in terms of standardization and evidence for reliability and validity

What are the psychometric properties of the WAIS-IV in terms of standardization, reliability, and validity?

2,200 adults (13 age groups from 16 years old to 90 years old) (Took into account gender, race, education, and geography)

What is the standardization of the WAIS-IV?

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V)

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-IV)

What two other Wechsler Scales were developed as an extension of the earlier version of its adult intelligence scale (WAIS-III)?

WISC-V: Children ages 6 years to 16 years, 11 months

WPPSI-IV: Children ages 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months

In what age ranges are the WISC-V and WPPSI-IV used for respectively?

5

How many cognitive performance domains does the WISC-V measure?

Verbal comprehension

Fluid reasoning

Visual Spatial

Working Memory

Processing Speed

What are the 5 cognitive performance domains that the WISC-V measure?

3

How many domains does the WPPSI-IV measure for children ages 2-3?

Verbal comprehension

Visual spatial

Working memory

What are the 3 domains that the WPPSI-V measure for children ages 2-3?

5

How many domains does the WPPSI-IV measure for children ages 4-7?

Verbal comprehension

Fluid reasoning

Visual Spatial

Working Memory

Processing Speed

What are the 5 domains that the WPPSI-V measure for children ages 4-7?