APES study guide unit 1 answered

what are producers, consumers, etc.

producer: autotrophs that make their own food

consumer: heterotrophs get their food from other organisms

decomposer: breaks down dead organisms and releases their nutrients into the environment

primary, secondary, tertiary consumers: distinguished by what they eat. primary consumers eat plants, secondary consumers eat primary consumers, and tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat secondary consumers

herbivores: only eats plants

carnivores: only eats meat

indentify the parts of a food chain/food web

producers/primary consumers→ secondary consumers → tertiary consumers → decomposers. trophic levels (energy) decrease going up

identify symbiosis

symbiosis: relationship between 2 animals

mutualism: both animals benefit

commensalism: one animal benefits, the other is neutral

parasitism: one animal benefits, the other is harmed

indentify examples of symbiosis

mutualism: oxpeckers eat ticks and parasites that are on a rhinoceros, getting a meal and benefiting the rhino by removing pests

commensalism: a remora attatches itself to a shark to get a free ride and food, while the shark remains mostly unaffected.

parasitism: tape worms reside in an animals body and feed off of the nutrients they eat, benefiting themselves but harming their host.

what do organisms compete for?

limited resources that are required for survival, like food, water, space, and mates.

competitive exclusion principle

the idea that two species that compete for the same resource cannot coexist and the inferior will eventually be eliminated.

realized niche

a way for animals to get around the competitive exclusion principle by adapting to find their own suitable lifestyle for survival

resource partitioning

similar species will settle into distinct niches that encourage limited competition and let them coexist

character displacement

species will eventually evolve into the distinct traits that helped them survive (ex. Galapagos finches)

fundemental niche

the potential or ideal niche that an organism could have if they did not have to develop a realized niche due to competition

symbiosis

another way for animals to avoid the competitive exclusion principles by developing tight relationships between organisms that can either benefit one or more of the organisms involved.

the 9 major terrestrial biomes

tundra

tropical rainforests

temperate forests

taiga

savanna

grasslands/praries

desert

shrubland/chaparral

tundra

location: in high latitudes (Siberia, Canada, Alaska)

organisms: caribou, arctic foxes, lemmings, snowy owls

climategraph: below freezing and dry most of the year

boreal forests (taiga)

location: Canada, russia, scandinavian peninsula

organisms: coniferous trees (pines, spruces, firs) mooses, bears, wolves, lynxes

climate graphs: cold winters, short cool summers, moderate precipitation.

temperate forests

location: easternseaboard of the U.S. Europe, east asia

organisms: deciduous trees shedding their leaves annually (maple, oak) deers, foxes, bears, songbirds

climate graphs: four distinct seasons, cold winters and warm summers. moderate precipitation, sometimes high.

shrubland/chaparral

location: California, the Mediterranean, Chile, south Africa, australia

organisms: shrubs, foxes, lizards, birds,

climate graphs: hot, dry summers, mild, wet winters.

grasslands/praries/steppes

location: mongolia, central north America, south africa

orgainsms: wildflowers, short and tall grass. few trees. bison, prarie dogs, antelope

climate graphs: hot summers, cold winters, moderate precipitation

savanna/tropical grasslands

location: Africa, tanzania, serengeti, south america

organisms: drought resistant trees, zebras, lions, elephants, giraffes, hyenas,

climate graphs: warm year-round, strong dry and wet seasons

deserts

location: saudi Arabia, sahara, southwest US, central Australia

organisms: cacti, lizards, snakes, scorpions, kangaroo rats

climate graphs: very hot summers, sometimes cold winters, nearly zero precipitation year round

tropical rainforests

location: near the equator, Amazon basin, congo basin, southeast Asia

organisms: evergreen trees, vines, monkeys, jaguars, parrots, frogs

climate graph: constantly warm, very high precipitation