NCM 107_Maternal_Topic 2 (Incomplete - To be Edited)

Calories

During pregnancy, what nutritional requirement should be increased?

Calories

Essential to supply energy for Growth and development of pregnancy organs, metabolic rate, and utilization of nutrients.

2nd Trimester

Begin increasing calories starting from?

Ketosis

The result of failing to meet calorie requirement for pregnant woman. This can lead to fetal damage

300 cal/day

Appropriate calorie intake of pregnant woman per day

Protein

It's used for feta; tissue growth, maternal tissue growth, and development of pregnancy organs. It's also useful for RBC production.

10%

How many % is the needed increase for protein intake of a pregnant woman from the daily requirement of a normal adult female

60 mg/day

Appropriate protein intake of pregnant woman per day

Calcium-Phosphorus

Another needed mineral by pregnant women wherein they need to exercise for this to be absorbed. It's useful for fetal bone growth and maternal bones and teeth strengthening.

1200 mg/day

Appropriate Calcium-Phosphorus intake of pregnant woman per day

1600 mcg/day

Appropriate Calcium Phosphorus intake of adolescents per day

Vitamin D

To properly absorb Calcium-Phosphorus, ____ will help

10 mcg/day

Appropriate Vitamin D intake of pregnant woman per day to properly absorb Calcium-Phosphorus

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

A common illness experienced by pregnant women due to low protein intake and inadequate calcium intake.

Iron

Another useful mineral for pregnant women that helps in the expansion of Blood Volume and RBC Formation.

Fetal Iron

Iron that is stored and accrued by the fetus, primarily in hemoglobin within the red blood cells, and is essential for growth and development, especially the brain and immune function.

2nd Trimester

Begin Iron supplement during which trimester?

30 mg/day

Appropriate Iron intake of pregnant woman per day

Vitamin C

To properly absorb Iron, also consume ______

70 mg/day

Appropriate Vitamin C intake of pregnant woman per day to help absorb Iron

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Most common Nutritional Disorder during pregnancy

Zinc

Used for the formation of enzymes, prevention of congenital malformation of fetus. Found mostly in livers, meats, shellfish, and eggs.

15 mg/day

Appropriate Zinc intake of pregnant woman per day

Folic Acid, Folacin, and Folate

Used for formation of RBC and prevention of Anemia. It's also used for DNA Synthesis and cell formation. It prevents NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.

400 mcg/day

Appropriate Folic Acid, FOlacin, and FOlate intake of pregnant woman per day

6 weeks

_________ prior to delivery, avoid sexual activity

Side-Lying

If the pregnant women decided to have sex during pregnancy, have it in ______ position

Walking

This is the best form of exercise a pregnant woman can do

Squatting

It strengthens the muscle of the perineum and increase circulation there

Tailor Sitting

Strengthens the muscle of the perineum as well.

Abdominal Exercise

Used to strengthen the abdominal muscles. Breathe like you're blowing a candle

Pelvic Rocking Exercise

Relieves low back pain and used for good posture.

Bradley Method (Dr. Robert Bradley)

a natural childbirth preparation technique, often called "husband-coached childbirth," that teaches couples how to manage labor with relaxation, deep breathing, and partner coaching to avoid unnecessary medical interventions

Grantly Dick Read Method

or natural childbirth, is a pioneering approach to childbirth developed by Dr. Grantly Dick-Read that emphasizes that fear and tension are the primary causes of excessive labor pain. he method advocates for educating expectant mothers about the birthing process, teaching them relaxation and proper breathing techniques to reduce fear and tension, and fostering a supportive environment.

Kitzinger Method

focuses on a social model of childbirth, emphasizing woman-to-woman support and viewing birth as a personal and social event, rather than solely a medical one. It encourages women to be active participants in their birth experience, making informed decisions and taking responsibility for their care. PREGNANCY IS AN IMPORTANT TURNING POINT DURING A WOMAN'S LIFE.

Lamaze Method

a childbirth education system focusing on natural, drug-free labor and delivery through breathing techniques, movement, relaxation, and education to help birthing parents feel confident and in control. PREVENTIONS OF PAIN IN THE MIND - CONSCIOUS RELAXATION

Birthing Chair-Bed

Bed is convertible into a chair. The mother is in semi-fowler position

Birthing Bed

The mother is in dorsal reccumbent position in this method of delivery

Squatting Position

Delivery position that relieves low back pain

Leboyer's Method

Use of warm fluid, a birth without violence.

Birth Under Water

Delivery method Used mostly in latin america, sweden, and Japan

Midline Episiotomy

Incision directly at the midline, straight down the anus. It's easier to repair and less painful. However, it can also extend and continue tearing.

Medi-Lateral Episiotomy

Towards the RIGHT BUTTOCKS on a 45-degree angle. It's less likely to extend.

Walk

Let the mother ________ to know if it's false labor or true labor

False Labor

It consist of false labor, no increase in intensity, pain in the abdomen only, pain relieves while walking, no cervical changes

True Labor

Increasing intensity, pain radiate everywhere, pain not relieved when walking

Passageway/Pelvis

Configuration and diameters of the maternal pelvis

➢ Distensibility of the lower uterine segments, cervical dilation and capacity for distention of vaginal canal

Passenger

Size, presentation and position of the fetus

Placenta

Know the site of insertion, mechanism of expulsion of the ________

Powers

The strength, duration and frequency of uterine contractions

Psychological Factors

The psychological/emotional state of the woman

➢ The preparation made prior to the birthing process

For the Mother

labor is an essentially normal process but one that carries a potential risk of disability for herself and child she bears

For the Mother and Father

childbirth makes the time when each assumes the role of parent with its personal and social connotations

For the Baby

Birth is considered an accident. He/she was not given a choice as to the date, the manner by which he will be born and the parents to whom he/she will be born

Birth Process

a time of physical and emotional crisis that require collaborative care between the obstetric team and the pregnant couple

Pelvis

Also known as the birth canal

Gynecoid Pelvis

Female type of pelvis with round inlet

Android Pelvis

Male type of pelvis - triangular

Anthropoid Pelvis

Ape-like - long AP Diameter, short transverse diameter

Platypelloid

Flat, long, transverse diameter, and a short posterior-anterior diameter

Pelvic Measurement

Measured to determine the shape and size that can fit the baby

Internal Pelvic Measurement

It's done manually through an internal exam/internal vaginal exam

External Pelvic Measurement

involves using a pelvimeter to measure the distances between bony landmarks on the outer pelvis

Xray Pelvimetry

Most Accurate measurement of the pelvis; done 2 WEEKS BEFORE EDD

Frontal Suture

located between the two frontal bones

Sagittal Suture

between the two parietal bones

Coronal Suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

Lambdoid Suture

between parietal bones and occipital bone

Molding of Suture

Changing the shape of the fetal head to fit in the birth canal.

Fontanelle

Soft spots; intersections of sutures or membrane-covered spaces

Anterior Fontanelle

Larger diamond, intersection of SAGITTAL AND CORONAL SUTURE

18 mos

The anterior Fontanelle closes at?

Posterior Fontanelle

Smaller triangular. Intersection of SAGITTAL AND LAMBDOID SUTURE

2 mos

The posterior fontanelle closes at?

Uterine Stretch Theory

any hollow muscular organ when stretched to capacity will contract and empty.

Oxytocin Theory

Oxytocin release stimulates uterine contractions. Oxytocin from Posterior Pituitary Gland

Progesterone Deprivation Theory

Decreased amount of progesterone initiates uterine motility.

Progesterone Theory

Decreased progesterone before labor stimulates contractions.

Theory of Aging Placenta

Advance placental age decreases blood supply to the uterus. This event triggers uterine contractions, thereby, starting the labor.

260 days

After ______ days, the placenta starts to age

Lightening

the sensation of the fetus moving from high in the abdomen to low in the birth canal. In PRIMIS, it occurs 2 WEEKS before birth. In MULTIS, on or before onset

2-3 lbs

Weight loss due to the decreasing values of progesterone, 1-2 days before birth

Epinepherine

One prodromal signs of labor is the increase of _______ in the body which increase activity level

Duration

beginning to end of contraction

Interval

end to beginning of next contraction

Frequency

beginning to beginning of next contraction

Intensity

strength of contraction

Increment

1st phase during which intensity contraction increases

Acme

the peak or most intense point of the contraction,

Decrement

the period when the contraction is lessening and fading

Intermittent Contractions

Allows for relaxation of the uterine muscle and resumption of blood flow to and from the placenta to permit gas, nutrient, and waste exchange for the fetus.

First Stage of Labor

onset of contractions to full dilation and effacement of cervix

Analgesics

Administer _______ during the active phase of the first stage of labor

Latent Phase

Mother is excited, apprehensive, and can communicate. Encourage walking (to shorten 1st stage of labor

Active Phase

Mother feels of loosing control of herself ➢ Vital signs, fetal monitor, cervical dilatation ➢ Abdominal breathing

Transitional Phase

The mood of mother suddenly change usually accompanied by hyperesthesia (hypersensitivity of mother to touch) ➢ Restless support her breathing technique ➢ Inform of progress

Second Stage of Labor

Complete dilatation and effacement to birth.

Third Stage of Labor

Birth to expulsion of Placenta or "Placental Stage"

Brandt-Andrews Maneuver

is a method used to aid in the delivery of the placenta, by simultaneously placing pressure on the upper abdomen and tension on the umbilical cord. PULL CORD AND CLAM SLOWLY.

Fourth Stage of Labor

The first 1-2 hours after delivery of placenta