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Pituitary Gland
Produces growth hormone and anti diuretic hormone
Thyroid gland
Produces thyroxine and raises metabolic rate
Adrenal gland
Produces adrenaline, prepares the body for action in fight or flight and raises metabolic rate
Pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon, and lowers blood glucose levels
Ovaries
Produce oestrogen and progesterone, developed female secondary sex characteristics
Testes
Produce testosterone, and develop male secondary sex characteristics
What are chemical messengers?
Hormones
What are hormones often referred to as?
Chemical messengers
Example of a peptide hormone
Insulin or adrenaline
Example of a steroid hormone
Testosterone
Difference between endocrine and exocrine system
Endocrine hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream whilst exocrine hormones are secreted into a duct.
Cells with a specific receptor for a specific hormone
Target cells
Main property of steroid hormone
Lipid soluable
Why is it important that steroid hormones are lipid soluble
Because it means that they can diffuse past the plasma membrane and bind to receptors present in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
What is the complex created when a hormone binds to a receptor?
Hormone-receptor complex.
Explain the process of a steroid hormone like oestrogen inhibiting/facilitating gene transcription .
The hormone is lipid so liable so it can pass through the target cell plasma membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm/nucleus, the hormone-receptor complex then binds to the DNA and acts as a transcription factor, inhibiting/facilitating the transcription of a specific gene
Why can steroid hormones pass through a target cell’s plasma membrane, but non-steroid hormones cannot?
Because steroid hormones are lipid soluble and non-steroid hormones are hydrophobic
Where are non-steroid hormone receptors
Outside the plasma membrane
Why do peptide hormones need external receptors?
Because the wire hydrophilic, and cannot diffuse past membrane
What is a secondary messenger and what does it do
cAMP, cyclic AMP is a secondary messenger that causes an enzyme cascade
What can steroid hormones do in terms of Transcription?
Hormone-receptor complexes are transcription factors, meaning that they can activate or regulate DNA transcription
