TERRORISM EXAM 2

State Terrorism

Terrorism committed by governments and quasi-governmental agencies against perceived enemies.

Downward Terrorism

Refers to state-directed violence towards perceived subordinate groups.

Sponsors in State-Level Terrorism

States or state actors that actively promote terrorism.

Enablers in State-Level Terrorism

States or state actors that operate and benefit from terrorist environments.

Cooperators in State-Level Terrorism

Those who facilitate counterterrorism efforts.

Forms of Violence Used by State Agents

Includes warfare, genocide, assassinations, and torture.

State Patronage

Direct linkages between a regime and instances of political violence.

State Assistance

Indirect, sometimes covert linkages between a regime and instances of political violence.

Warfare (State Violence)

Conventional military forces of a state are employed against opposition.

Genocide

State resources are used with intent to eliminate a group.

Assassinations (State Violence)

Selective application of state violence targeting individuals or specific groups.

Torture

Instrument used by the state for intimidation, interrogation, and humiliation.

Democracy

Authority delegated from the people to elected leaders.

Authoritarianism

Authority emanates from the state rather than the people.

Totalitarianism

All national authority originates from the government.

Crazy States

Failed states controlled by warlords or militias, often providing havens for terrorists.

Unofficial Repression

Vigilante domestic terrorism.

Repression as Policy

Official domestic state terrorism.

Mass Repression

Genocidal domestic state terrorism.

Definition of Genocide

Any act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

U.S. Department of State Designated State Sponsors of Terrorism

Examples include Cuba, North Korea, Iran, and Syria.

Dissident Terrorism

Terrorism committed by non-state movements against perceived enemies.

Revolutionary Terrorism

Political violence aimed at effecting revolutionary change.

Subrevolutionary Terrorism

Political violence aimed at making changes within a political system.

Nihilism

19th-century Russian movement rejecting tradition, seeking truth through science.

Nationalist Dissident Terrorism

Champions national aspirations for autonomy among culturally distinct groups.

Leftist Terrorism in the U.S. (1960s-70s)

Predominated during the Vietnam War era.

Right-Wing Terrorism in the U.S. (1980s)

Includes racial supremacists, religious extremists, and anti-government movements.

Communal Terrorism

Group-against-group violence that may escalate to genocide.

Modern Terrorist Cells

Loosely organized groups using the internet for coordination.

Lone-Wolf Model of Terrorism

Individuals acting independently inspired by extremist ideologies.

Religious Terrorism

Violence motivated by the belief that an otherworldly power sanctions violence.

Primary Motivation for Religious Terrorism

Religious belief system is the main driving force.

Misconceptions About Islam and Terrorism

Most Muslims do not support terrorism; there is no monopoly on fanaticism.

Historical Examples of Religious Terrorism

Includes the Christian Crusades and the Order of Assassins.

State-Sponsored Religious Terrorism

Support from states for terrorist organizations, such as Iran and Pakistan.

Mujahideen

Fundamentalist Islamic fighters involved in religious terrorism.

Future Trends in Religious Terrorism

Evolving threats from global extremist networks, with Al-Qa'ida and ISIS as inspirations.