Psych. Ch. 15- Disorders

Psychopathology

abnormal psychology, the study of mental/psychological disorders

Mental disorder

a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behavior that reflects dysfunction in mental functioning

4 D's

distress, danger, deviance, dysfunction

Comorbidity

suffering from two or more psychological disorders

Dual diagnosis

The comorbid existence of a substance use disorder with another psychological disorder

Cultural relativism

an individual's behavior must be evaluated in reference to their culture

Culture-bound syndromes

they are limited to specific cultural groups

Medical model

psychological abnormalities were viewed the same as physical illness- they have symptoms, causes, and cures

3 P's

Predisposing causes: existing underlying factors that make someone susceptible to a certain disorder

Predisposing causes

existing underlying factors that make someone susceptible to a certain disorder

Precipitating causes

Events that initiate the onset of a disorder.

Perpetuating causes

Consequences that sustain a disorder once started.

Biological approach

Focuses on brain abnormalities and physical issues.

Psychodynamic approach

Examines unconscious conflicts and psychological factors.

Behavioral approach

Studies learned behaviors that sustain disorders.

Cognitive approach

Analyzes thoughts and beliefs maintaining disorders.

Sociocultural approach

Considers social systems and cultural influences.

Biopsychological approach

Integrates multiple factors in psychological disorders.

DSM-5

APA's guide for diagnosing mental illnesses.

ICD

International Classification of Diseases by WHO.

Psychological diagnosis

Labeling a person's symptoms for identification.

Prognosis

Prediction about disease course and recovery likelihood.

Categorical information

Label for a specific diagnostic group.

Dimensional information

Recognizes shared symptoms across different diagnoses.

Cultural Formulation Interview

Tool in DSM-5 for understanding cultural context.

Anxiety disorder

Common disorder with prolonged, uncontrollable worry.

Specific phobia

Irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Social anxiety disorder

Fear of scrutiny or embarrassment in public.

Panic attack

Sudden intense fear with physiological symptoms.

Panic disorder

Recurrent panic attacks and avoidance behavior.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape is difficult.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Uncontrollable worry about various minor matters.

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Anxiety from intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.

Obsessions

Intrusive thoughts causing anxiety and distress.

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors in response to obsessions.

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Anxiety symptoms following a traumatic experience.

Acute stress disorder

Anxiety symptoms lasting 3 days to 1 month post-trauma.

Major depressive disorder

Severe depression with additional symptoms for 2+ weeks.

Persistent depressive disorder

Chronic depression lasting 2 years or more.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Severe mood symptoms before menstrual cycle.

Bipolar I disorder

Recurring mood episodes, including major depression.

Hypomania

Less severe mood elevation than mania.

Bipolar II disorder

At least one hypomanic and one major depressive episode.

Anorexia nervosa

Eating disorder with significant weight loss and fear of weight gain.

Bulimia nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging behaviors.

Binge-eating disorder

Recurrent binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

Somatic symptom disorder

Physical symptoms with abnormal responses and thoughts.

Dissociative disorders

Fragmented cognitive processes causing memory loss.

Dissociative amnesia

Selective memory loss following a traumatic event.

Dissociative identity disorder

Presence of two or more distinct personalities.

Schizophrenia

Split from reality with delusions and hallucinations.

Positive symptoms

Excess or distortion of normal functions.

Negative symptoms

Absence of normal emotional and behavioral functions.

Catatonia

Abnormal motor behavior, including paralysis.

Diathesis-stress model

Genetic predisposition activated by environmental stress.

Personality disorders

Rigid behavior patterns affecting social relationships.

Paranoid personality disorder

Extreme suspicion and distrust of others.

Schizoid personality disorder

Lack of interest in relationships, appears unemotional.

Schizotypal personality disorder

Eccentric mannerisms and peculiar personality traits.

Conversion disorder

Sudden, temporary loss of a sensory or motor function

Dissociative fugue

sudden loss of memory accompanied by an abrupt departure from home

Alogia

without speech (may not speak much)

Avolition

without motivation

Anhedonia

Without fun (nothing's fun anymore)

Affect

Without emotional expression (blunted: small emotion, flat: no emotion)

Asociality

Without interest in social situations

Borderline Personality Disorder

Symptoms lie on the border of neurosis and psychosis