ART HISTORY - TEST ONE

Little Dancer 1880

By Edgar Degas, Bronze Casting, Degas hated dancers and wanted the girl to be unlikable

Paleolithic

Old Stone Age, 3,000,000 - 10,000 BCE

Sculpture in the Round

Any type of structure/sculpture that can be viewed from all angles

Composite View

A combination of two different perspectives as an artistic choice

Jasperite Face Pebble, 3 million BCE

Lion-Human, 33,000 BCE

Ivory

Woman from Willendorf, 24,000 BCE

Limestone & Red Ochre

Pech-Merle Cave, 25,000 BCE

Spotted horses and handprints

Lascaux Caves: Hall of Bulls, 15,000 BCE

Very high up paintings of animals and people

Lascaux Caves Birdheaded Man with Bison, 15,000 BCE

cave painting showing battle between bison and man

Neolithic

the final stage of the Stone Age marked by the beginning of farming, permanent settlements, and polished stone tools

Stonehenge, 3000-1500 BCE

giant stone structure for burials, lines up with the sun on the summer solstice, stones imported from far distance (Wales)

Post and Lintel

Vertical and horizontal beams or stones making a doorway

Mortis and Tenon

hole and peg (like lego)

Settlements of Catalhoyuk, 7000 BCE

In Turkey, remains of dead buried under homes (purposefully), maps of the settlement found inside homes (volcano In background)

Pictographic Tablet from Iraq, 3000 BCE

Jemdet Nasr

Cuneiform

Earliest writing system (mesopotamia), used for recording and counting for trade

Cylinder Seal, 700 BCE

Assyrian and Sumerian

Cuneiform Deal of Sale

Relief

Three dimensional image that projects from a flat surface

Annu Ziggurat & White Temple 3200 BCE

Uruk, Iraq, Annu - sky god

Architectural Plan

Arial view of building with important structures labeled

Cone Mosaic, Eanna Temple, 3500 BCE

Eanna Temple, Urak Iraq

Female Head, Eanna Temple, 3300 BCE

Ziggurat of Inane Urak

Cult Image

image of god or heavily worshipped figure

Uruk Vase, 3000 BCE

relief carving in bands (registers), narrative scene shows layers of importance

Registers

Lines of representation oriented horizontally across something

Votive

statues that were offered ceremoniously

Votive Statue Eshnunna, 2700 BCE

Stele of Naram-Sin, 2240 BCE

Shows defeated enemies while a soldier (naram sin)looks up at the gods , Naram Sin shown as divine figure (bull horns) and glorious in battle

Lyre with Bulls Head, 2500 BCE

made of wood, gold, lapis. depicts scenes from epic of Gilgamesh (story about kingship. Lapis found only in Afghanistan, very rare, they brought it to Iraq to make this

Votive Statue of Gudea, 2090 BCE

Girsu Iraq, offering, two rivers, TIGRIS and EUPHRATES flow from Gudea’s vase (most powerful rivers in the region (shows that he is builder, bringer of peace, and life)

Old Babylonian Period

1894 - 1595 BCE

Stele of Hammurabi, 1750 BCE

God figure (stacked bull horns) gives laws to Hammurabi (who displays sign of respect in pose), Shows punishments for different crimes, first time ever that laws were written and displayed (to our knowledge)

Human Headed Winged Lions, 875 BCE

come in pairs to protect important rooms/structures, meant to make people be on best behavior, bull hooves and lions feet - both signs of power/divinity

Hierarchy of Scale

scaling that made the most important figures larger than others and vise versa

Assurnasirpal Killing Lions

lions are a sign of power, this showed assurnasirpal’s strength as a leader

City Attacked by the Crown Prince, 875 BCE

Assurnasirpal’s son with archers, a battering ram

Assurbanipal & his queen in the Garden, 647 BCE

After his victory, Ashurbanipal and his queen relax. There is a nearby head in the trees that decays as the panels go on.

Persepolis, 518 BCE

built by Darius (king of Persia), ancient ceremonial capital of Persia

Persepolis Ceremonial Complex, 480 BCE

Persians welcomed other cultures/ kept them in charge of themselves once conquered, massive foreign exchange here

Apadana

Audience hall of Persepolis

Bull Pillar

Giant bull, looming down in Persepolis Audience Hall

Frieze form Apadana

Shows soldiers and merchants leading up to the center where Darius and Xerxes stand/sit. People all have clothing and items native to their place of origin (showing the power and diversity of the empire)

Foot Soldiers of Inanna

Part of the Frieze of Apadana. Diff groups in an audience chamber, delegations bring tributes from their individual regions, Hierarchy of scale used, shows vastness of the Persian empire and its fruitfulness

Darius and Xerxes Audience Frieze, 490 BCE

Persepolis, shows hierarchy of scale, D and X are very much rulers but are holding court (not cruel)

Palette of Narmer, 2950 BCE

make up palette for a ruler, used for eye makeup due to bright sun of Egypt. FRONT - farmer beating an enemy, other defeated enemies and soldiers in back. Narmer has no sandals: divine (sandal bearer in background) . BACK - Multi registered, bull tramples Nubian enemies. Use of hierarchy of scale. penises cut off of enemies (as a way to count kills)

Shows the joining of Northern and Southern Egypt (through the two hats)

Mastaba of Queen Meritneit 2870 BCE

Tomb filled with all objects that someone would need in the afterlife (chairs, plates, clothing, food, etc) Hard to get into once built. All people (of importance) were buried like this

Stepped Pyramid of Djoser

Multiple Mastubas stacked up on one another, rooms are inaccessible (only to spirits)), Djoser wanted a bigger/grand mastuba

Statue of Djoser 2550 BCE

statue for burial chamber, multi perspectived, used a canon (rule) to measure out proportions

Canon

a rulebook/ standard of representation. included measurements to keep bodies proportional

Nile

RIver, left side for the dead, right side for the living/cities

Great Pyrimds of Giza, 2500 BCE

Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu. Pryimids made of granite and faced with limestone (originally), made by farmers and laborers, Basically GIIIANTT mastabas (burial chambers) full of traps and fake rooms to deter thieves

Colossal Statue of the Great Sphinx, 2500 BCE

Protective figure, made of limestone, protects the pyramids (like the lion headed winged lions)

Khafre, 2500 BCE

Horace wraps head around pharoe (Horace is closest god to (or sometimes is) pharoe) Funurary sculpture of pharos

Menkaure and his principal wife: Khamerernebty, 2480 BCE

wife has two hairlines (one real hair and one ceremonial wig) menkaure is stiffly posed with a stone beard and headwear (also ceremonial)

Seated Scribe, 2400 BCE

statue of a Boundary official, very realistic in depiction, eyeliner, less muscular

Head of Senusret III, 1825 BCE

one of the only things to survive from the Middle Kingdom (Egypt)

Kneeling Figure of Hatshepsut, 1465 BCE

Seated statue of Hatshepsut, 1460 BCE

Shown as customatic king (common male king clothing and beard, she was the wife of the late king. The priests at the time, who had gained immense power, named her the real pharoe later

Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut, 1465 BCE

Walkways leading up, geographic tension, horizontal land and vertical pillars

Expedition to the Land of Punt, 1460 BCE

queen of punt (ati) brings gifts to the queen, she has a weird body. All images of Hatshepsut were erased by her fuckwad son

Colossal figure of Akhenaten, 1345 BCE

Akhenaten instituted a monotheistic religion, changed the standard of representation (narrow shoulders, wide hips, big lips, defined collarbones. He also moved the capital

Portrait of Queen Thy Mediate el Grub

Akhenaten and His Family, 1340 BCE

children are very adult like (they all look the same due to their divine bloodline) Symbol for eternal life/ god being passed down to children. Divine Sun above

Nefertiti, 1345 BCE

Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun, 1330 BCE

Changed Egypt back to polytheism, moved capital back, his burial seemed like a rushed burial. this is his funerary mask

Inner coffin of Tutankhamun, 1330 BCE

Figure of Woman, 2500 BCE

Had paintings of eyes all over it at one point, personal figurine

Palace of Knossos

Inspiration behind greek minotaur (the place was very maze like when they found it, and there was a mosaic of a giant bull. Also known as the Minoan Palace Complex. Wasn’t a palace, we think it was ruled by multiple family units and possible democratic.

Fresco

Method of mural painting where dies and water are added into wall plaster

Bull Leaping Fresco, 1500 BCE

Image that inspired the minotaur. shows a dancer and bull wranglers putting on a performance

Octopus Flask, 1500 BCE

Knossos had a large navy and valued the water

City of Mycenae

German dude: Schliemann tried to prove this was the home of Agamemnon. It wasn’t

Lion Gate of Mycenae, 1250 BCE

Lions for protection on of the cities weak spots of Mycenae

Tholos Tomb, 1300 BCE

People thought this was a treasury at first. Largest structure to survive the years (before greek pantheon) gap at top of arch was very helpful in its preservation.

Mask of Agamemnon

Remake, mask from grave

Corbel

Stacked staggered rocks with counter weight on the backside to lessen the load

Peplos Kore, 530 BCE

Archaic Smile (like most statues at the time). name means: girl with dress. Would’ve been painted, she is likely a goddess

Metropolitan kouros, 590 BCE

Same pose as menkaure (Egypt), greeks learned sculpture from the Egyptians.

Anavysos Kouros, 530 BCE

Kritios Boy 480 BCE

Change in style, hairstyle, more accurate musculature, contraposto posture

Contraposto

human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot is…

Riace Warrior, 400 BCE

Definition of male form/beauty. Most bronze statues didn’t survive as they were melted down for other things. This one survived at the bottom of the ocean.

Polykleitos, 450 BCE

Spear bearer, has braces because marble is less strong than bronze, contraposto

Lysippos, 340 BCE

Marble copy of greek statue, Man scraping himself (bathing) after athletic stuffs

Praxiteles Aphrodite, 350 BCE

Marble copy of marble original. Change in woman representation. sculpture of Aphrodite. was rejected by many due to the feeling of walking in on Aphrodite (her hand is in front of crotch)

Akropolis, Athens

city that was sacked and destroyed, greeks didn’t know whether to rebuild or abandon. When they did decide to rebuild for Athena they built it fast as shit

Temple of Athena, 427 BCE

nike adjusting sandal

greeks saw this as scandalous

Ionic Order

building style. Flutes in columns (lines), Frieze (band of representaition) above columns, volutes (spiral top to columns)

The Parthenon, 440 BCE

Kallikrates and Iktinos built/designed. careful refinement of angles/ placement of columns and floors for perfect view from far away

Doric Order

Another Greek Building style.. No base at columns (just floor) . Entablature is barren. capital block at top of columns.

Stylobate

top step/floor of greek temple

shaft

column (excluding caps)

Colonnade

Series of columns in a row

Pediment

Triglyphs

Metope

Wet Drapery

Heavy, tight, wet looking clothing on sluptures or paintings, lots of body revealed underneath