BIO 103 JMU Mcmullen EXAM 3 flashcards

Why can't the process of glycolysis stop?

because the cell would run out of NAD+ and thus stop producing ATP

How many species of flowering plants in the Galapagos are ENDEMIC?

Approx. 235 species of flowering plants in the Galapagos are endemic

Cellular Respiration Overview?

-glucose molecules are oxidized

-H combines with O2 (reduced) to form H2O

-About 40% of the energy produced by oxidation of glucose is conserved as ATP

What is the Chlorophyll pigment directly involved in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll A

What is a porphyrin ring?

A porphyrin ring is a magnesium atom surrounded by 4 nitrogen atoms. It is present in all Chlorophyll (A,B,C,D,E)

Where are pigments located?

Pigments are located in the chloroplast organelles of the plant

Where are pigments located in bacteria?

They are not contained in an organelle

What is the nutritional mode of an organism based on?

The nutritional mode of an organism is based on:

-Their energy source

-Their carbon source

What are the 2 distinct stages of photosynthesis?

Light Stage: Photochemical reactions

Dark Stage: Chemical reactions controlled by enzymes

What is photosynthesis in chemical terms?

Photosynthesis is the energy of light driving the oxidation of H2O

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

What are the basic requirements for photosynthesis?

Light

Water

Soil

CO2

What is a photoautotroph? Give an example.

A photoautotroph utilizes light as its energy source when producing ATP

AN EXAMPLE IS PLANTS

What wavelengths of light are used extensively in photosynthesis?

Violet light (400nm) which has the shortest wavelength and therefore highest energy protons

Red light (750nm) which has the longest wavelength and therefore the lowest energy protons

How many pigments does a photosystem contain on average?

Between 250-400 pigments

What do photosystems do?

absorb sunlight and generate high-energy electrons that are then passed to a series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane

How much CO2 is in the atmosphere?

0.04%

How does CO2 enter a plant?

through the stomata by diffusion

What do light reactions do?

convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

What is embedded in the stacks of thylakoid membranes (granum)?

Pigments

What is the Calvin Cycle?

The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars.

Breaks them into glucose before storing them as STARCH

It takes place in the stoma of chloroplasts and does NOT require light.

What are the nutrients of life?

Energy

Carbon

Water

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

When does ATP release energy?

when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken due to becoming hydrolyzed.

What is glycolysis?

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy (2 ATP) and pyruvic acid.

What is substrate phosphorylation?

ATP made during glycolysis which is known as substrate-level phosphorylation.

A phosphate group is transferred from a high-energy substrate molecule to ADP which forms ATP

When is lactate produced?

when oxygen is lacking

What does alcoholic fermentation produce?

Ethanol, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP

What is the process of alcohol fermentation

(yeast on grapes)?

-Sugar is exhausted or the ethanol content becomes toxic

-Yeast cells then cease to function

Alcohol concentration becomes 12-17%

What are the 2 types of fermentation?

alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

What is the net energy yield of glycolysis?

2 ATP and 2 NADH as well as 2 pyruvic acid molecules

How many reactions are in glycolysis?

10 reactions

What is the net energy yield of fermentation?

2 molecules of ATP

What are the two parts of coenzyme A?

nucleotide and vitamin

cellular respiration

Each glucose molecule is oxidized and H combines with O2(reduced) to form H2O

- about 40% of energy produced by oxidation of glucose is conserved as ATP

- the 2 pyruvate from glycolysis are oxidized to form NADH, CO2, and Acetyl CoA which then goes into the Krebs Cycle.

In Cellular Respiration, how many NADH molecules are formed from 1 glucose molecule?

4 NADH molecules are formed

1 NADH molecule per pyruvate processed

1 glucose molecule= 2 Acetyl CoA

What happens during the Krebs Cycle?

During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

-the C2 Acetyl groups enters the cycle and joins with a C4 compound to produce a C6 compound

-this goes around the cycle twice

The two cycles of the Krebs cycle produces what?

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH2

as well as CO2

adding up for a total 24 atp during the whole cycle

What happens in the electron transport chain?

NADH + H+ and FADH + H+ pass their hydrogens onto carriers at a lower energy level

in doing so, the carrier is reduced and NAD+ and FAD+ are reoxidised.

This is also called oxidative phosphorylation

During Electron Transport, how many ATP molecules are produced when electrons pass from NADH or FADH2 to oxygen?

NADH: 3

FADH2: 2

What is the overall energy harvest?

- Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH (6 ATP) = 8 ATP

- Pyretic acid to acetyl CoA: 2 NADH = 6 ATP

- Krebs Cycle: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 = 24 ATP

- 1 Glucose total = 38 ATP's

Rule of thumb for NADH and FADH2:

NADH produces 3 ATP and FADH2 produces 2 ATP

Who was the first man to study the plants of the Galapagos? What year did he come to the islands and where did he do his research?

Archibald Menzies was the first man to study the plants of the Galapagos.

He came to Isabela in 1795 on the HMS Discovery

David Douglas and John Scouler visited the islands in what year?

in 1825, David Douglas and John Scouler William visited Santiago Island and collected plants before returning home on the William and Anne

How many plant collections did James Macrae make?

James Macrae collected 41 plant specimens from Isabela island in 1825 on the HMS Blonde

has a Genus name for himself: "Macraea laricifolia"

Charles Darwin visited the 4 islands* in 1835 and made how many plant collections?

-San Cristobal, Floreana, Isabela, Santiago.

-209 collections; 75% of which was new to science.

Joseph D. Hooker, in 1847, published what book? (firsts flora of the Galapagos)

"An enumeration of the plants of the Galapagos Archipelago; with descriptions of those which are new"

What is flora?

a book on the plant life of a region

Nils J. Andersson spent 10 days on what island, making how many collections?

How many of these were new species?

Studied Santa Cruz island in 1852

collected 325 specimens

50 of these were new species.

In 1891 George Baur, a vertebrate paleontologist, spent three months visiting how many islands? Also, how many collections of vascular plants did he make?

13 islands

385 collections

Has a species named after him

Robert E. Snodgrass and Edmund Heller spent 6 months visiting how many islands making how many collections of vascular plants?

16 islands in 1898

949 collections of vascular plants

there are species named after them

Benjamin L. Robinson, in 1902, summed up the state of botanical knowledge in what book?

"Flora of the Galapagos Islands"

In 1905, expedition from the Cali Academy of Sciences toured the islands for how long? Also, what was the name of the ship?

1 year and 1 day

The Academy

During the CAS's expedition, Alban Stewart (a botanist) visited most of the islands and collected over 3,000 numbers, which formed the basis of what?

"A botanical survey of the Galapagos Islands" 1911

Out of the 3,000 collected, 615 species, subspecies and varieties of vascular plants were categorized (with 110 new species)

In what year was the Galapagos International Scientific Project that brought together scientists from many different disciplines?

1964

William A Weber from the University of Colorado specialized in collecting what?

Mosses and lichens

Ira L. Wiggins from Stanford collected how many plant specimens? From what Island?

Collected 1,000 plant specimens from Santa Cruz Island

From VT, Ira L. Wiggins and Duncan M. Porter made 571 collections of what kind of plants in 1967?

571 collections of VASCULAR plants

Books Published after 1970 regarding the flora of the Galapagos includes:

- "Flora of the Galapagos Islands" by Wiggins and Porter (1971)

- "Flowering plants of the Galapagos" by McMullen (1999)

How many species of flowering plants in the Galapagos are NATIVE?

Approximately 327 flowering plants are NATIVE in the Galapagos.

This means that these plants colonized the Galapagos by natural means but are found outside of the islands.

How many species of flowering plants in the Galapagos are EXOTIC?

More than 871 flowering plants are exotic.

These plants are the result of humans coming to the islands. In other words, humans brought them either intentionally or by accident.

What are the THREE major ecological zones of the Galapagos?

-the Littoral (Coastal) Zone

-the Arid Lowlands

-the Moist Uplands

What are characteristics of the Littoral (Coastal) Zone plants?

- They must be capable of surviving in a salt-rich environment that may be covered with water during certain parts of the day and exposed at other times.

Many are adapted for water dispersal and are found on beaches throughout the world.

What are the seven VEGETATION ZONES of the Galapagos?

1) Costal

2) Arid

3) Transition

4) Scalesia

5) Brown

6) Miconia

7) Pampa

90% of native and endemics are believed to have originated in western South America. Other sources include where?

West Indies, Mexico, Central America,

North America

Pheudophore

lil twig that sticks up out of the ground to help supply oxygen to the plant.

What are the SEVEN ENDEMIC PLANT GENURA OF THE GALAPAGOS?

- Darwiniothamnus

- Leocarpus

- Macraea

- Scalesia

- Brachycereus

- Jasminocereus

- Sicyocaulis

What is the scientific name for the Red Mangrove? (N)

"Rhizophora mangle" (Rhizophoraceae)

-Has prop roots

LITTORAL ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Black Mangrove? (N)

"Avicennia germinans" (Avicenniaceae)

-secretes excess salt from leaves

-roots grow upwards to absorb oxygen (Pheudophores)

LITTORAL ZONE

What is the scientific name for Beach-Morning Glory? (N)

"Ipomoeae pes-caprae" (Convulvulaceae)

AKA GOAT FOOT

LITTORAL ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Sea Grape? (N)

"Scaevola plumieri" (Goodiniaceae)

LITTORAL ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Seaside Hibiscus? (N)

"Hibiscus tiliaceus"

LITTORAL ZONE

What are characteristics of the Arrid Lowland Zone plants?

-Many plants that reside in the lowlands are SUCCULENTS

-Presence of spines and thorns

-Many lose their leaves during the cool, dry season

What is the scientific name for the Lava Cactus? (E)

"Brachycereus resioticus" (Cactaceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Lava Morning Glory? (E)

"Ipomoea habeliana" (Convolvulaceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for the gray matplant? (E)

"Tequila resiotica" (Boraginacea)

LOWLAND ZONE

What VARIATION of Prickly-Pear Cactus can ONLY be found on Santa Fe Island and has very thick trunks?

"Opuntia echios var. BARRING TONENSIS"

LOWLAND ZONE

What VARIATION of prickly-pear cactus can grow over 30 feet?

"Opuntia echios var. GIGANTEA"

LOWLAND ZONE

What VARIATION of prickly-pear cactus grows more like a shrub?

"Opuntia echios var. ECHIOS"

LOWLAND ZONE

What SPECIES of cacti has the THICKEST trunks?

"Opuntia megasperma"

LOWLAND ZONE

What SPECIES of cacti has yellow blooms and grows low to the ground?

"Opuntia insularis"

LOWLAND ZONE

What SPECIES of cacti has shrub like appearance AND is only found on Genovesa Island?

"Opuntia helleri"

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Incense Tree? (N)

"Bursera graveolens" (Burseraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Candelabra Cactus? (E)

"Jasminocereus thouarsii" (Cactaceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for the Yellow Cordia? (N)

"Cordia lutea" (Boraginaceae)

Has pretty yellow flowers!

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for CURVE-Spined Lecocarpus? (E)

"Lecocarpus darwinii" (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for STRAIGHT-Spined Lecocarpus? (E)

"Lecocarpus lecocarpoides" (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name for WING-FRUITED lecocarpus? (E)

""Lecocarpus pinnatifidus" (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

How did "Macraea laricifolia" get its name? (E)

Was named after the dude scientist (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What species of scalesia has ray flowers w/disc flowers in the center (E)

"Scalesia affinis" (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What species of scalesia has all disc flowers? (E)

"Scalesia helleri" (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What species of scalesia has star leaves? (E)

"Scalesia stewartii" (Asteraceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What genus had a change of name?

The genus named cordia has been changed to varronia.

What species of varronia has pretty RED flowers? (E)

"Varronia leucophlyctis" (Cordiaceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What species of varronia has pretty BLUE flowers? (E)

"Varronia canescens" (Cordiaceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What is the species name of the Galapagos Tomato? (E)

"Lycopersicon cheesmanii" (Solanaceae)

LOWLAND ZONE

What are characteristics of the Moist Uplands Zone plants?

-Shrubs and herbs are well represented in this zone

- Epiphytes are also extremely common (plants that grow on other plants)

What species of scalesia is considered the TREE of the genus? (E)

"Scalesia pedunculata"

UPLAND ZONE

What is the scientific name of Darwin's Shrub? (E)

"Darwiniothamnus lancifolius" (Asteraceae)

UPLAND ZONE

Which species of the genus Darwiniothamnus has little yellow daisies? (E)

"Darwiniothamnus tennuiflolinus" (Asteraceae)

UPLAND ZONE