period 1 all topics

Bartelome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who saw the treatment of the Indians to be wrong; instead he advocated using Africans in New Spain because they were more immune to European diseases and they were used to tougher working conditions.

Spain / The Spanish

This country forced Catholicism on the Native Americans.

Spain / The Spanish

This country forced Native Americans to work for them (as slaves).

France / The French

This country introduced Catholicism to the Native Americans but did not force conversion to Catholicism.

France / The French

This country traded with the Native Americans and also intermarried with them (often taking Native Americans wives as a spouse).

England / The English

This country traded with the Native Americans but they did not intermarry with them.

England and Spain / the English and the Spanish

These two countries had the least amount of respect for Native American cultures and had no problem in taking their land away from them.

England / The English

Settlers in Massachusetts initially had good relations with Native Americans and traded with the settlers. Name the European group of settlers.

England / The English

Intermarriage with Native Americans was less common
because most settlers came over in family groups. Name the European group of settlers.

England / The English

This country forced Native Americans to give up their land and pushed them further from the coast. Name the European group of settlers.

nomadic

moving about from place to place usually following a food supply (bison, deer, elk, caribou, wooly mammoths)

ice age

A period of extremely cold temperatures when part of the planet's surface was covered with massive ice sheets. This was the era in which the first Native Americans traveled across Beringia into North America.

land bridge

a strip of land that connects two larger landmasses, enabling migration of plants and animals to new areas

Beringia

an ancient land bridge over which the earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from Asia into North America

Alaska

What present day state did the first Native Americans enter into from Asia?

Clovis technology

advanced toolmaking and hunting implements (by Native Americans) such as arrowheads and spearheads made of flint and obsidian.

agricultural revolution

The change from food gathering and hunting to growing crops in semi-permanent settlements; this change occurred in the Paleo Native Americans.

Mayans

A civilization of Native Americans in Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar.

Yucatan Peninsula

Area of present day Mexico where the Mayan civilization settled and flourished.

Aztecs

A civilization of Native Americans in present day Mexico, located in what is present-day Mexico City. They grew corn, engaged in frequent warfare to conquer other civilizations.

Incas

A civilization of Native Americans that occupied present-day Peru. They developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.

Southwest culture / settlements

Grew crops by using irrigation, they lived in pueblos or cliff dwellings

Anasazi and Hohokam

Examples of Native American tribes that were part of the Southwest culture.

Northwest culture/ settlements

Hunters and gatherers, dependent on salmon rich rivers; lived in communal longhouses.

Great Basin culture / settlements

Hunters and gatherers living in the arid region of Utah and Nevada. They acquired horses from the Spanish explorers.

Great Plains culture / settlements

Hunters and gatherers living on the wide open grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They acquired horses from the Spanish explorers.

Sioux, Cheyenne, and Pawnee

Examples of Native American tribes that were part of the Great Plains culture.

Mississippian culture / settlements

Semi-permanent Native American culture that farmed and hunted and gathered; used the 3 Sisters method of farming

3 sisters

corn, beans, squash

Cahokia

Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans

Eastern Woodlands culture / settlements

Semi-permanent Native American cultures of the forested northeastern U.S. that used agriculture and hunting and gathering to survive

Iroquois

This tribe was considered to be the strongest eastern woodlands tribe. They were a confederation (alliance) of 5 different tribes; they blended agriculture with hunting and lived in communal villages.

matrilineal society

A society in which social identity and transfer of property descend through the female side.

Iroquois

What eastern tribe was an example of a matrilineal society?

Eastern Moundbuilding culture / settlements

Native American culture that built mounds to bury their dead, honor various various deities, or serve as pinnacles of power.

1. Hopewell or 2. Adena

A specific mound builder tribe that was centered in the Ohio River Valley.

Eastern Woodland culture

The Iroquois tribe belonged to this culture.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs in present day Mexico.

conquistador

A Spanish conqueror eager for gain personal wealth and fame in the new world.

Encomienda System

A system whereby Spanish conquerors were given the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery.

Asiento System

This replaced using Native American labor with using African (slave) labor. It required that a tax be paid to the King of Spain for the African slaves that were imported to the Americas.

middle passage

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the new world.

peninsulares

A person living in New Spain that was born in Spain (Europe).

criollo

A person living in New Spain that was born in New Spain.

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry.

zambo

People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social classes in New Spain.

Compass, printing press, gunpowder

Name some advancements in scientific knowledge and technological change that allowed for European exploration and conquest of the new world.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. Later, Catholic nations attempted to explore and settle new areas in the hopes of spreading Catholicism and Protestant nations did the same.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

What area / place did Christopher Columbus first reach during his 1492 expedition to India?

San Salvador (in the Bahamas)

Hispanola

Island of modern day Haiti and Dominican Republic and site of Columbus' second discovery in the new world during his second expedition.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following the discovery and exploration of the Americas.

smallpox, chickenpox, measles, influenza

Name 4 major diseases, which were part of the Columbian Exchange, that decimated Native American populations.

Spanish Franciscan missionaries

They attempted to spread Catholicism throughout Mexico, South America, and the southwest U.S through forced conversion and they stopped the practice of traditional rituals and customs of Native Americans.

joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders, that funded exploration expeditions in the new world. Each shareholder contributed some money to the company and received some share of the company's profits.

Britain

What country used joint stock companies to promote exploration?

Potatoes, tomatoes, corn (maize)

Name 3 crops from America that were sent back to Europe as part of the Columbian Exchange.

Horses, pigs, cattle

Name 3 animals that were brought to the Americas by Europeans as part of the Colombian Exchange.