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Hypothesis

A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables.

Independent Variable (IV)

The factor manipulated or changed by the researcher.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The measured outcome affected by the IV.

Control Variable

A constant factor to prevent it from influencing results.

Moderator Variable

A variable that affects the strength or direction of a relationship.

Population

The entire group the researcher aims to study.

Sample

A portion of the population selected for the study.

Research Design

A detailed plan outlining how the study will be conducted.

Conceptual Framework

Diagram/model showing relationships among variables.

Research Instrument

Tool used to collect data (e.g., questionnaire, test).

Research Locale

The place where the research is conducted.

Descriptive

Describes characteristics or conditions without manipulation.

Correlational

Examines the relationship or association between variables.

Experimental

Manipulates variables to determine cause-and-effect.

Quasi Experimental

Similar to experimental but lacks full control or randomization.

Simple Random Sampling

Equal chance for all participants

Stratified Sampling

Ensures each subgroup is représented.

Cluster Sampling Lists groups as sampling units

Purposive Sampling

Selects participants with specific characteristics.

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

- Uses numerical data.

- Employs statistical analysis.

- Can generalize findings if the sample is representative,

- Relies on structured instruments.

- Tests hypotheses.

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

- Summarizes relevant post shal

- Identifies research gaps.

- Supports chosen subvariable and methods

- Organized thematically or chronologically

Quantitative Research Process

- identify the problem

- Review related literature

- Design the methodology

- collect data

- Analyze and interpret data

- Draw conclusions

- Write the final report