psych unit 1 + 2

within subjects design

participants complete every experimental condition

between subjects design

participants only complete one experimental condition

mixed design

mixture of between and within subjects design

within +-

+less people needed, more likely result is from IV

-order effects

between +-

+less time consuming, no order effects

-more participants, differences affect results

mixed design +-

+conditions compared to baseline control

-expensive, time consuming

other types of studies

case study, correlation study, literature review

population

group of people who are the focus of the research and from which sample is drawn

random sampling

uses procedure to ensure every member of population has same chance of being selected

stratified sampling

selecting people from population in a way that ensures that subgroups are proportionally represented in sample

random allocation

process of assigning participants to experimental conditions

qualitative data

data that is expressed non-numerically

quantitative data

data that is expressed numerically

Objective Data

factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion

Subjective data

data that is informed by personal opinion, perception or interpretation

Hypotheses

hypothesised that population who iv would be more likely to dv

psychological development

changes across and lifelong growth of emotional, cognitive and social demains

nature

hereditary factors passed down from biological parents

nature examples

hair colour, eye colour

genetic predisposition

increased likelihood to develop certain traits if certain conditions are met

nurture

environmental factors from physical and social surrounding

nurture examples

education, ses, job

biopsychosocial model

holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding human experience of influence of bio, psych, social factors

biological factors examples

sleep, genetic predisposition

psychological factor examples

emotions, personality

social factor examples

cultural norms, education

cognitive development

the continuous, lifelong development think, comprehend and organize information internal external

sensorimotor 0-2

object permanence, goal directed behaviour

preoperational 2-7

overcome egocentric, centration, reversibility

concrete operational 7-12

understand conservation, classification, simple mental operations

formal operation 12+

abstract thought, idealistic thinking

structural neuroimaging

structure and composition

CT

2D pictures, ingest dye

MRI

2D images, magnetic field

functional neuroimaging

activity and function

PET

tracks radioactive glucose substance

fMRI

tracking biochemical changes

hindbrain function

basic survival

midbrain function

filtering + relaying info, regulating arousal + alertness

forebrain function

complex mental processes, filtering sensory info

hindbrain structure

cerebellum, medulla, pons

midbrain structure

reticular formation

forebrain structure

hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum

cerebellum function

skeletal muscle movement

medulla

autonomic processes

pons

relay info

reticular formation

relay info

hypothalamus

maintain optimal biological functioning

thalamus

filters and relay info

cerebrum

complex mental processes and behaviour

frontal lobe structure

prefrontal - plans movement, premotor - organises, primary motor - relays, brocas area

parietal lobe structure

primary somatosensory - process sensory info, aa - spacial awareness

occipital lobe structure

primary visual - processing visual info, aa - visual perception + interpretation

temporal lobe structure

primary auditory - processing auditory info, wernickes area, aa - memory

right hemisphere

creativity, art, spacial, left vf

left hemisphere

language expression and comprehension, right vf

impact of ABI on bio functioning

seizure, movement impairments, smell impairments

impact of ABI on psych functioning

memory loss, personality changes, increased susceptibility to mhd

impact of ABI on social functioning

job productivity, social support, antisocial behaviour

CTE

a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions

CTE symptoms

memory loss, depression, disturbances in behaviour, anxiety/paranoia

CTE diagnosis

post mortem examination - build up of protein (neuroimaging cant detect)

attribution

evaluation and process made about causes of behaviour

internal attribution

judge behaviour as being caused by something personal

external attribution

determine cause of behaviour as something situation

attitude

evaluation of something

ABC model

affective (emotion) behavioural (action) cognitive (belief)

cognitive bias

unconscious, systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality

actor observer bias

tendency to attribute our own actions to external and situational causes while attributing other peoples actions as internal factors

self serving bias

tendency to attribute positive success to internal factors and attribute failures to external factors

halo effect

tendency for impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects

fundamental attribution

tendency to explain other peoples behaviour in terms of internal factors while ignoring possible external factors

cognitive dissonance

psychological tension that occurs when ABC dont align

stereotypes

widely held belief and generalisation about group

prejudice

often negative preconception help against people within certain group

discrimination

unjust treatment of people due to membership of group

education reducing prejudice + discrimination

providing info about unknown corrects misinfo

intergroup contact reducing prejudice + discrimination

better understand others experiences

social media reducing prejudice + discrimination

raise awareness + call out

laws reducing prejudice + discrimination

prevent + reduce

ingroup

group that individual belongs with

outgroup

group individual does not belong with

sustained attention

one stimulus over prolonged time

divided attention

two + stimulus at one time

selective attention

one stimulus ignoring others

transduction

info converted to neural impluse

visual transduction

electromagnetic - electrochemical

visual transduction process

cornea, pupil, retina, photoreceptors, rods/cones, electromagnetic, electrochemical, optic nerve, occipital lobe

binocular depth cues

convergence - eyes turning/straining to look close, retinal disparity - difference between images of each eye

pictorial depth cues

relative size, height in visual feild, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient

visual constancies

ability to percieve objects as same when changing shape, size, brightness

gustatory perception bio influence

age, genetics

gustatory perception psych influence

appearance, packaging, colour, shape

gustatory perception social influence

culture

synesthesia

experience unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated

synesthesia types

grapheme colour, sound colour, lexical gustatory