Studied by 33 people
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within subjects design
participants complete every experimental condition
between subjects design
participants only complete one experimental condition
mixed design
mixture of between and within subjects design
within +-
+less people needed, more likely result is from IV
-order effects
between +-
+less time consuming, no order effects
-more participants, differences affect results
mixed design +-
+conditions compared to baseline control
-expensive, time consuming
other types of studies
case study, correlation study, literature review
population
group of people who are the focus of the research and from which sample is drawn
random sampling
uses procedure to ensure every member of population has same chance of being selected
stratified sampling
selecting people from population in a way that ensures that subgroups are proportionally represented in sample
random allocation
process of assigning participants to experimental conditions
qualitative data
data that is expressed non-numerically
quantitative data
data that is expressed numerically
Objective Data
factual data that is observed and measured independently of personal opinion
Subjective data
data that is informed by personal opinion, perception or interpretation
Hypotheses
hypothesised that population who iv would be more likely to dv
psychological development
changes across and lifelong growth of emotional, cognitive and social demains
nature
hereditary factors passed down from biological parents
nature examples
hair colour, eye colour
genetic predisposition
increased likelihood to develop certain traits if certain conditions are met
nurture
environmental factors from physical and social surrounding
nurture examples
education, ses, job
biopsychosocial model
holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding human experience of influence of bio, psych, social factors
biological factors examples
sleep, genetic predisposition
psychological factor examples
emotions, personality
social factor examples
cultural norms, education
cognitive development
the continuous, lifelong development think, comprehend and organize information internal external
sensorimotor 0-2
object permanence, goal directed behaviour
preoperational 2-7
overcome egocentric, centration, reversibility
concrete operational 7-12
understand conservation, classification, simple mental operations
formal operation 12+
abstract thought, idealistic thinking
structural neuroimaging
structure and composition
CT
2D pictures, ingest dye
MRI
2D images, magnetic field
functional neuroimaging
activity and function
PET
tracks radioactive glucose substance
fMRI
tracking biochemical changes
hindbrain function
basic survival
midbrain function
filtering + relaying info, regulating arousal + alertness
forebrain function
complex mental processes, filtering sensory info
hindbrain structure
cerebellum, medulla, pons
midbrain structure
reticular formation
forebrain structure
hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebrum
cerebellum function
skeletal muscle movement
medulla
autonomic processes
pons
relay info
reticular formation
relay info
hypothalamus
maintain optimal biological functioning
thalamus
filters and relay info
cerebrum
complex mental processes and behaviour
frontal lobe structure
prefrontal - plans movement, premotor - organises, primary motor - relays, brocas area
parietal lobe structure
primary somatosensory - process sensory info, aa - spacial awareness
occipital lobe structure
primary visual - processing visual info, aa - visual perception + interpretation
temporal lobe structure
primary auditory - processing auditory info, wernickes area, aa - memory
right hemisphere
creativity, art, spacial, left vf
left hemisphere
language expression and comprehension, right vf
impact of ABI on bio functioning
seizure, movement impairments, smell impairments
impact of ABI on psych functioning
memory loss, personality changes, increased susceptibility to mhd
impact of ABI on social functioning
job productivity, social support, antisocial behaviour
CTE
a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions
CTE symptoms
memory loss, depression, disturbances in behaviour, anxiety/paranoia
CTE diagnosis
post mortem examination - build up of protein (neuroimaging cant detect)
attribution
evaluation and process made about causes of behaviour
internal attribution
judge behaviour as being caused by something personal
external attribution
determine cause of behaviour as something situation
attitude
evaluation of something
ABC model
affective (emotion) behavioural (action) cognitive (belief)
cognitive bias
unconscious, systematic tendencies to interpret information in a way that is neither rational nor based on objective reality
actor observer bias
tendency to attribute our own actions to external and situational causes while attributing other peoples actions as internal factors
self serving bias
tendency to attribute positive success to internal factors and attribute failures to external factors
halo effect
tendency for impression we form about one quality of a person to influence our overall beliefs about the person in other respects
fundamental attribution
tendency to explain other peoples behaviour in terms of internal factors while ignoring possible external factors
cognitive dissonance
psychological tension that occurs when ABC dont align
stereotypes
widely held belief and generalisation about group
prejudice
often negative preconception help against people within certain group
discrimination
unjust treatment of people due to membership of group
education reducing prejudice + discrimination
providing info about unknown corrects misinfo
intergroup contact reducing prejudice + discrimination
better understand others experiences
social media reducing prejudice + discrimination
raise awareness + call out
laws reducing prejudice + discrimination
prevent + reduce
ingroup
group that individual belongs with
outgroup
group individual does not belong with
sustained attention
one stimulus over prolonged time
divided attention
two + stimulus at one time
selective attention
one stimulus ignoring others
transduction
info converted to neural impluse
visual transduction
electromagnetic - electrochemical
visual transduction process
cornea, pupil, retina, photoreceptors, rods/cones, electromagnetic, electrochemical, optic nerve, occipital lobe
binocular depth cues
convergence - eyes turning/straining to look close, retinal disparity - difference between images of each eye
pictorial depth cues
relative size, height in visual feild, linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient
visual constancies
ability to percieve objects as same when changing shape, size, brightness
gustatory perception bio influence
age, genetics
gustatory perception psych influence
appearance, packaging, colour, shape
gustatory perception social influence
culture
synesthesia
experience unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated
synesthesia types
grapheme colour, sound colour, lexical gustatory
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