movement anatomy exam 1

segments of the body

head, neck

segments of the body, trunk

thorax, abdomen

segments of the body, upper extremities

arm, forearm, hand

segments of the body, lower extremities

thigh, leg, foot

ventral

anterior or front

proximal

towards the trunk

cranial

towards the head

caudal

towards the feet

dorsal

posterior or back

contralateral

opposite side

ipsilateral

same side

osteokinematics

movement of bones around an axis

(flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation)

arthrokinematics

joint movements (roll, glide, spin)

(inversion, eversion, pro/retraction)

take body movement quizzes

take quizzes online

kinetics

forces

kinematics

motions (osteoporosis and arthro)

open kinetic chain

distal segments are free to move

(bicep curls, bench press, hamstring curls, running)

closed kinetic chain

distal segments are stable

(push ups, pull ups, squats)

frontal plane, sagittal axis

see image

sagittal plane, frontal axis

see image

transverse plane, vertical axis

see image

axes

joint movement occurs around an axis that is perpendicular ro its plane

range of motion

amount of motion that a joint can move in an y of its possible directions

MEASURED USING: goniometer, zero point anatomical position

axial skeleton

bones of head, neck, thorax, and vertebral column

appendicular skeleton

bones of extremities

bone characteristics

-strong

-lightweight

-living/vascular

-repair and adapt

-maintains structural integrity

composition of bone

varying types of tissues

1/3 organic living, 2/3 inorganic nonliving

structure of bone

epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis

Wolf’s Law

bone density increases with increased forces, decreases with decreased forces

osteoblasts

build bone

osteoclasts

remove bone

osteocytes

maintain bone

type of bones

long, short, long lflat, irregular, sesamoid

long bone

levers, supports weight

short bones

stability, control

flat

protection, attachment

irregular

protect spinal chord

sesamoid

protection, generate force

biggest=patella

bone common pathologies

-fractures

-osteoporosis

-osteopenia

-osgood schlatter

synarthrodial joints

fibrous and cartilaginous

diarthrodial joints

synovial, no direct contact

-joint capsule, ligaments, and more

fibrous joint

-suture joint

-syndesmotic joint

-gomphosis

LESS MVMT

cartilaginous joint

less bending, joined by hyaline or fibrocart

joint surface types

ovoid, sellar flat

flat joints

limited motion, between carpal and tarsal bones

ovoid joints

convex/concave

ex: MCP of the fingers

sellar joints

each surface has concave/convex

ex: saddle joints

plane joints

glide

uniaxial joints

hinge, pivot, ex: radio-ulnar

biaxial joint

2 DOF ex: wrist

triaxial joints

ball and sockets 3 dof EX: glenohumeral, acetabfemoral

concave/convex rule

different shapes of bones require different joint surfaces to move in specific ways during joint movement

—> convex on concave: roll and glide OPP

—> concave on convex: roll and glide in SAME

common joint pathologies

-tendonitis, dislocation, bursitis, sprain, strain, and more

joint clinical implications

-joint play

-joint mobilization

normal end feel

full ROM, motion limited

abnormal end feel

pain, muscle guarding, swelling stops movement

normal end feels

-soft: soft tissue approx

-firm: most common

abnormal end feels

-boggy: soft wet spong

-spasm: reflexive

-empty: pain

-springy block: rebound movement at the end

component movements

movements that can’t be done on own, active

CNS is made of

brain and spinal chord

PNS is made of

motor and sensory neurons (somatic and autonomic)

the brain is made of the

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

the brain does

processes info and formulates responses

cerebrum

right and left hemisphere connected by the corpus collosum

4 lobes of the cerebrum

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

brainstem is made of the

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

brainstem function

controls muscle tone, coordination, and posture

spinal chord function

transmits information between brain and the rest of the body

located in the vertebral canal

spinal chord ends at

L2

neurons

fundamental unit of nervous system tissue

efferent neurons

motor neuron exits

afferent neurons

motor neuron arrives

interneurons

connect/transmit

neuron anatomy

cell body, dendrite, axon

cell body

central structure of a neuron

dendrite

receives messages and conducts impulses towards the body

axons

extension of a neuron that sends messages to other

myelin sheath

insulates, allows for rapid movement

the PNS communicates through

synapse, neurotransmitter, motor endplate, and neuromuscular junction

synapse

small gap, between an axon, dendrite, interneuron, or other

structures

neurotransmitter

chemical released at synapse

motor endplate

the point where nerve enters muscle

neuromuscular junction

synapse between axon and muscle

how many cranial nerves

12 pairs

how many spinal nerves

32,

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccygeal

3 major nerve plexus

cervical, brachial, lumbosacral

what makes up cervical plexus

phrenic C3-C5

what makes up brachial plexus

axillary

musculotaneous

radial

median

ulnar

what makes up lumbosacral plexus

demoral

obturator

sciatic

dermatomes

areas of skin supplied with sensory fibers of specific nerve levels

SENSORY TESTING TESTED VIA PINPRICK

myotomes

all muscles innervated from a specific spinal nerve level

MOTOR TESTING TESTED VIS RESISTED MOVEMENTS, REFLEX TESTING

CNS common pathologies

spina bifida

cerebral palsy

muscular dystrophy

ALS

Alzheimers

multiple schlerosis

PNS common pathologies

bells palsy

carpel tunnel

claw hand

sciatica

a lot of palsy's

muscle arrangement

muscle=fascicles=fiber=myofibril=sarcomeres

sarcomeres

contain thin actin and thick myosin filament

characteristics of muscle tissue

irritability, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

irritability

ability to respond to stimulus

contractibility

ability to contract and create force

extensibility

ability to stretch and lengthen w force

elasticity

ability to recoil or return to normal w removed forcem