Forensic Biology Exam 1

Stimulus

Chemotaxis

Phototaxis

External Stimuli

Internal stimuli

Phospholipid Bilayer

Keeps whats inside the cell inside and to regulate the what goes in and out

Homeostasis

Importance of Reproduction

Adaptation 

Structural Adaptation

Behavioral Adaptation

Are genes the only thing that impacts the growth and development of an organism?

Biological Hierarchy

Atom--> Macromolecule--> Organelle-->Tissue--> Organ Systems

Biological Evidence

Toxicology 

Post Mortem Toxicology 

Seized Drugs Analysis

Questions Answered by PostMortem Toxicology

1.       Manner of death

2.       Mechanism of death

Questions Answered by Seized Drug Analysis

1. What was taken?

2. When was it taken?

3. How much was taken?

4. Did this substance contribute to the cause of death?

Xenobiotic

Drug

Poison

Mary Anne Cotton

Inheritance Powder

Arsenic

Matthew Orflia

Isotope

Covalent Bond

Polar Bond

Non Polar Bond

List 3 things that can affect a drug's ability to be toxic.

List 3 modes of entry for a drug.

First Pass Effect

2 contributing factors to toxicity in poisoning.

Levels of toxicity for opiates and opioids.  most toxicity given the displayed dose.

Opiates

Opioid

Opioid and naloxone

ADME

Drug level in body 

Metabolite

Metabolism of drugs

vitreous humor

Phospholipid Bilayer --When the phospholipid bilayer is described as "fluid" this implies that the bilayer is________________________.

Depending on the temperature the two fats move. When its cold they move closer together when its hot they move farther apart. Cholesterol also facilitates movement by keeping the phospholipids from pulling part or clustering too close together and becoming rigid. Lastly, the two different types of fat ,saturated and unsaturated fats, facilitate space for movement.

Cell Membrane 

Cell Membrane - -2 key properties of a cell membrane are that they can function as a __________________ and a _____________________ barrier for the cell.

Cell Membrane pt 2 - -2 key properties of a cell membrane are that they can function as a __________________ and a _____________________ barrier for the cell.

Saturated Fats morphology 

Unsaturated Fats Morphology

Fluid Mosaic

Large pieces of artwork made of many tiny pieces.

Cholesterol and Lipid Bilayer

Cell Communication Importance

Integral Membrane Proteins

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

Located on surface of membrane

Passive Transport

Does not require energy, molecules move through membrane based on Osmosis ( movement from high to low concentration) or diffusion which is not dependent on concentration.

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high to low,

Osmosis

water moving across a semipermeable membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, type of diffusion

Active Transport

Cells use energy to move molecules across the cellular membrane. Utilize specific proteins and sometimes have to work against concentration gradient.

Bulk Transport 

Endo and Exocytosis, energy requiring process for moving large particles or molecules across cell membranes using membrane bound vesicles

Exocytosis

Moving something out of the cell, the cell forms a vesicle around a material, the vesicle then moves through cell until it fuses with the cell membrane and releases the material out of the cell.

Endocytosis

Taking something into the cell, Pinocytosis takes in fluids and solute. Phagocytosis takes in larger substances such as bacteria.

Phagocytosis

a form of endocytosis where the cell takes in large substances such as bacteria

Bulk transport of Dopamine occurs due to hijacking of endocytosis into the neuronal synapse. What drug does this?

An inhibitor such as Cocaine

What is a thermophile (archaea) and what type of environment do these types of bacteria live in?

Thrive at high temperatures and produces methane. Thrive in hot temperatures.

Specialized small organs within a cell are called___________________________________.

Organelles

Cytoskeleton

Contains an elaborate array of protein fibers that serve functions such as establishing cell shape, mechanical strength, locomotion (cilia and flagella), chromosome seperation during mitosis and meiosis. Intracellular transport of organelles.

Nucleus

contains the cells genetic material and this material exits as chromosomes. Includes the nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus and ER on outside.

ribosome

A small dense organelle mostly made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) , its attached to the ER or free in the cytoplasmic liquid. Makes proteins . Contains a small and large subunit.

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes and makes proteins used in the cell

Rough ER 

has ribosomes on its surface and makes proteins to expert

Lumen

where synthesized proteins are released after they are completed. they may get sugars and undergo folding modifications

Lysosome

break down unwanted macromolecules.

Plant Cell

Rigid cell wall made of cellulose which gives the cell support, contains a vacuole which contains cell sap that is a weak solution of sugar and salt. green chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

Vacuoles

store water, waste and or food. helps plant cells maintain shape and there is only one large one in plant cells.

Animal cell

Shares a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane and mitochondria with the plant cell.

Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called ________________________________.

Chlorophyll

Mitochondria

*Critical player in cellular respiration

*Free floating organelles

*Distribution in the body is not equal. It’s based on energy needs

*Mitochondria have less genes than nuclear DNA

*Forensic scientists can extract and analyze more mitochondrial DNA than nuclear DNA. This is an advantage.

*used to analyze old bones, teeth, hair shafts, and other biological samples where nuclear DNA content is low.

-Mitochondria produce ________________________ which is a key molecule in cellular respiration that provides energy.

ATP

-Mitochondrial DNA is ___________________________- (matrilineal, patrilineal)

matrilineal

Probative Value

Evidence which is sufficiently useful to prove something important in a trial. Prove an issue. Make something more or less probable

Mitochondria and Probative Value

Unlike nuclear DNA, which is completely unique to an individual (outside of identical siblings), mtDNA sequences are frequently identical between different people. The occurrence of a match between a person’s mtDNA and mtDNA found at a crime scene only implies their presence there, rather than confirming it.

Because jurors may not understand these properties of MtDNA they may make decisions based on bad assumptions.