Chapter 1 BIOL 2460

microbiology

study small organisms

cant seen with naked eye (some exceptions)

ubiquitous nature

good (beer) , bad (COVID) , and ugly (dangerous)

hippocrates

father of western medicine

hippocratic corpus & oath

disease not from supernatural cause

thucydides

father of scientific history

immunity concept

athenian plague

marcus terentius varro

proposed things cannot see cause disease

res rusticae

animalia minuta

leeuwenhoek

father of microbiology

unknown invention of microscope but built strong lens

golden age of microbiology (1857 - 1914)

louis pasteur (1822 -1895) french chemist

robert koch (1843 - 1910)

louis pasteur

studied fermentation and spoilage cause by microbes

pasteurization

vaccines (rabies)

proved some theories

robert koch

connected pathogens for specific diseases

koch’s postulates

anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis

carolus linnaeus

created ways to categorize plants and animals

ernst haeckel

brought more categories for it including protists (unicellular organisms) and monera (unicellular organism lack nuclei) ex) bacteria

robert whittaker

added fungi to the tree of life

woese & fox

introduced subunit ribosomal (RNA and rRNA) sequences

created 3 domains: bacteria, archarea, eukarya

sublevels

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

strain

naming organisms

names have latin or greek roots

written in italics

genus capitalized; species lower case

ex.) Homo sapiens - > H. sapiens

types of microbes sizes

smallest to largest

atom

fullerene molecule

lipids

proteins

polio virus

flu virus

smallpox virus

mitochondria & bacteria

red blood cell

animal and plant cell

pollen & human egg

frog egg

archaea

does not cause disease

different evolutionary history from bacteria

pseudopeptidoglycan wall

extreme environments

unicellular

prokaryotic

protozoa

protists

motility via cilia

flagella

pseudopod

unicellular

eukaryotic

no wall

helminths

parasitic worms

microscopic eggs and larvae

multicellular

eukaryotic

no wall

viruses

acellular

need host to reproduce

prions

proteinaceous disease

fungi

multi or uni cellular

chitin cell walls

molds (good/bad)

eukaryotic

coccus

spherical

bacillus

rod-shaped

vibrio

curved rod-shaped

coccobacillus

part spherical part rod

spirillum

twisted shape

spirochete

more twisted shape

algae

photosynthetic

unicellular or multicellular

eukaryotic

cellulose wall

bacteria

prokaryotic

peptidoglycan wall (not all)

photosynthetic (some not all)

unicellular