Pediatric Nursing: Health Promotion, Assessment, and Development

Flashcards covering pediatric health promotion, levels of prevention, clinical communication, physical exam procedures, vital sign ranges, growth milestones, and developmental theories.

What is the focus of primary prevention in pediatrics, and what is an example?

The focus of primary prevention is health promotion and injury prevention. An example is dental cleanings.

What is the focus of secondary prevention in pediatric care?

The focus of secondary prevention is screening and early diagnosis.

What is the focus of tertiary prevention in pediatric care?

The focus of tertiary prevention is treatment and optimizing function for children with disabilities and chronic illness.

What is the recommended timeline schedule for pediatric preventive care well-child visits?

Well-child visits begin within $1\,\text{week}$ after birth and usually occur at $2$, $4$, $6$, $9$, and $12\,\text{months}$, followed by yearly visits.

What maternal sexual history risks must be assessed for infants?

Group B Strep and Herpes encephalitis.

How is colic defined according to the "Rule of 3"?

Crying for more than $3\,\text{hours}$ a day, $3\,\text{times}$ a day (or 3 days a week), for more than $3\,\text{months}$.

What are the infant feeding recommendations regarding solid foods before $6\,\text{months}$ of age?

No solid foods under $6\,\text{months}$ of age; infants should receive breastmilk or formula only.

What is the major developmental step for toddlers aged $12$ to $36\,\text{months}$?

Autonomy and Exploration.

When should lead screening begin in pediatric practice, and what condition increases risk?

Lead screening should start at age $9$ to $12\,\text{months}$, and PICA increases risk.

What is the correct sequence for taking pediatric vital signs?

Obtain least invasive vital signs first: Respirations, Pulse, Oxygen Saturation, Blood pressure, and Temperature.

What are the expected weight milestones for an infant at $6\,\text{months}$ and $12\,\text{months}$ relative to birth weight?

Infant weight doubles by $6\,\text{months}$ and triples by $12\,\text{months}$.

How is recumbent length measured in infants and children up to age $2$ or $3\,\text{years}$?

Recumbent length is measured in the supine position by marking the top of the head and bottom of the heels on paper and measuring between the marks with a measuring tape.

What represents the average line and normal range on standardized pediatric growth charts?

The $50^{\text{th}}$ percentile line represents the average for age, and the normal range is from the $3^{\text{rd}}$ to the $97^{\text{th}}$ percentile line.

What are the key details of the Denver Developmental Screening Tool (DDST II)?

It contains $125$ items, can be used from birth to $6\,\text{years}$ of age, assesses social contact, fine motor skills, language, and gross motor skills, and is adjusted for premature infants.

How is skin turgor assessed in pediatric patients?

Pinch centrally on the abdomen and note the rate of return to check for tenting.

What are the normal vital signs for a neonate under $28\,\text{days}$ of age?

Blood Pressure: $67/35$ to $84/53$\,mmHg; Heart Rate Awake: $100-205$\,bpm; Heart Rate Asleep: $90-160$\,bpm.

What are the key gross motor milestones from $1\,\text{month}$ to $12\,\text{months}$?

$1\,\text{mo}$: turns head side to side; $2\,\text{mo}$: lifts head and chest; $4\,\text{mo}$: rolls front to back, head bobs; $6\,\text{mo}$: head control, sitting up; $9\,\text{mo}$: crawl, pull to stand; $12\,\text{mo}$: walks with assistance.

What fine motor milestone occurs at $8-10\,\text{months}$ versus $10-11\,\text{months}$?

At $8-10\,\text{months}$, an infant demonstrates a crude pincer grasp; at $10-11\,\text{months}$, an infant demonstrates a neat pincer grasp.

When does teething begin and which teeth erupt first?

Teething begins at $6\,\text{months}$ with the eruption of the lower central incisors.

What are the age ranges for the sub-phases of Piaget's sensorimotor phase (Separation, Object permanence, Mental representation)?

Separation occurs at $1-4\,\text{months}$, Object permanence occurs at $4-8\,\text{months}$, and Mental representation occurs at $8-10\,\text{months}$.

What language milestones are achieved by an infant at $1\,\text{year}$ of age?

Words have meaning, says $4$ or $5$ words, understands "no", and understands $100$ words.

What are the guidelines regarding whole milk intake in young children?

Whole milk can be given after age $1$ and is needed until age $2$ to help with bone growth because children cannot process it before $2\,\text{years}$. After age $2$, transition to low fat or skim milk.

What are Freud's five psychosexual stages and their corresponding age ranges?

Oral (birth to $1\,\text{year}$), Anal ($1$ to $3\,\text{years}$), Phallic ($3$ to $6\,\text{years}$), Latency ($6$ to $12\,\text{years}$), and Genital stage ($12\,\text{years}$ and over).

What are Erikson's five stages of psychosocial development and their age ranges?

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to $1\,\text{year}$), Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt ($1$ to $3\,\text{years}$), Initiative vs. Guilt ($3$ to $6\,\text{years}$), Industry vs. Inferiority ($6$ to $12\,\text{years}$), and Identity vs. Role confusion ($12$ to $18\,\text{years}$).

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development and their age ranges?

Sensorimotor ($0-2\,\text{years}$), Preoperational ($2-6$ or $7\,\text{years}$), Concrete operational ($6-7$ or $11-12\,\text{years}$), and Formal operational ($11-12\,\text{years}$ and up).