[ Gen Bio ] Lesson 12: Disorders and Diseases Related to Cell Malfunction During the Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle Errors

This may increase the likelihood of the development of some diseases.

nondisjunction

Failure of the chromosomes or chromatids to separate properly

mitotic nondisjunction

This can also occur during mitosis where the pairs of chromosomes do not separate properly.

Mitotic Errors

In mitosis, errors can be passed on in the form of DNA modifications or damage.

Mitotic Errors

Any errors accumulated in the parent cell have the capacity to be passed on to the daughter cells.

1. error in cell cycle checkpoints

2. abnormal cell growth

3. neoplasm

4. tumor

Process on how a cell becomes a tumor (4)

• cigarettes and alcohol

• Heredity

• Obesity

• exposure to radiation

• exposure to carcinogens

• exposure to pollution

Factors that can cause cancer (6)

Down Syndrome

A karyotype of a person with trisomy 21

Patau’s syndrome

A karyotype of a person with trisomy 13

Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome

Skin discolorations are characterized by person with a mosaic form of

Alzheimer's disease

is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens, and is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events.

Microcephaly

is a medical condition involving a smaller-than-normal head.

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

• Bipolar Disorder

Depressive Disorder (3)

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

A chronic form of depression lasting for at least two years, with symptoms similar to MDD but less severe.

Bipolar Disease

Involves mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• Panic Disorder

• Social Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety Disorders (3)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, accompanied by physical symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, and muscle tension.

Panic Disorder

Involves recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort, often with symptoms such as palpitations, sweating, trembling, and shortness of breath.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Marked by an intense fear of social situations where one might be scrutinized or judged, leading to avoidance of such situations.

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (2)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to alleviate anxiety related to the obsessions.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Involves a preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance, leading to significant distress and repetitive behaviors like mirror checking or excessive grooming.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders (2)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Develops after exposure to a traumatic event and is characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and avoidance of reminders of the trauma.

Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)

Similar to PTSD but occurs within the first month after a traumatic event and may resolve within a few weeks if symptoms persist longer, it may develop into PTSD.

• Schizophrenia

• Schizoaffective Disorder

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders (2)

Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder involving hallucinations (often auditory), delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired functioning. Symptoms may also include negative symptoms like reduced emotional expression and social withdrawal

Schizoaffective Disorder

Combines symptoms of schizophrenia with mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania.

• Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

• Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

• Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Personality Disorders (3)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

is characterized by unstable relationships, self-image, and emotions, along with impulsive behaviors and intense episodes of anger, depression, and anxiety.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Involves a persistent pattern of disregard for the rights of others, often including deceit, manipulation, and violation of social norms.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Marked by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for admiration, and a lack of empathy for others.

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Neurodevelopmental Disorders (2)

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder affecting communication, behavior, and social interaction, often characterized by repetitive behaviors and restricted interests.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Involves persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

• Anorexia Nervosa

• Bulimia Nervosa

• Binge-Eating Disorder

Eating Disorders (3)

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe restriction of food intake leading to significant weight loss.

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use to prevent weight gain.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Defined by recurrent episodes of binge eating without compensatory behaviors, leading to distress and potential weight gain.

repair processes or undergo apoptosis if the errors cannot be repaired.

If errors occur in the cell cycle, the cell will either attempt to compensate for the error through ______ and _______.

DNA modifications or damage.

In mitosis and meiosis, errors can be passed on in the form of ______ or ____.

Nondisjunction

The failure of the chromosomes or chromatids to separate properly

meiotic nondisjunction

The failure of the chromosomes or chromatids If it occurs in meiosis.

mitotic nondisjunction

The failure of the chromosomes or chromatids if it occurs in mitosis.

Neoplasm

Cancer is primarily characterized by uncontrollable cell division which results in a ______, which is an abnormal growth of the defective cells.

Aneuploidy

occurs when the cell has an abnormal number of chromosomes

Polyploidy

(Under Nondisjunction disorders)

occurs when the cell has an abnormal number of sets of chromosomes

• Meckel Gruber Syndrome

• Seckel Syndrome

• Angelman Syndrome

under Microcephaly (3)

Trisomy

Abnormal number of chromosomes