Biol 530: Plant systematics Final Exam

Eudicots lectures and presentation questions

tricolpate

pollen grains that have three germination furrows or colpi.

Trait in eudicots

Ranunculales

7 Families

• Menispermaceae

• Papaveraceae

• Ranunculaceae

Menispermaceae

• Tubocurarine alkaliod

• Posions

• Chondrodendron tomentosum

Papaveraceae

The poppy family

Key traits of Papaveraceae

• Perianth dichlamydeous, triseriate, corolla buseriate

• stamens: numerous

• Placentation: paritetal

• fruit: loculicidal or poricidal capsule

Papaveraceae floral formula

K 2[3] OR (2[3]) C 2+2 OR 3+3 A many G (2), superior

Papaveraceae- Ehrendorferia

• E. chrysantha

• E. ochroleuca

Ehrendorferia chrysantha

Petals golden yellow, 12-16 (22) mm, outer recurved

Ehrendorferia ochroleuca

yellow-white the color of the corolla

Papaveraceae- Fumaria

• F. capreolata

• F. officinalis

• F. parviflora

Fumaria officinalis

sold as an herb, used medicinally

Fumaria parviflora

small-flowers, white to pink, inner purple-tipped

Papaveraceae- Dendromecon

• D. harfrodii

• D. rigida

Dendromecon harfordii

leaf 1.5 - 3 X, entire, tip generally ± rounded-mucronate

Dendromecon rigida

Leaf 3-8 X, minutely toothed, tip acute-mucronate

Papaveraceae- Romneya

• R. coulteri

• R. trichocalyx

Romneya coulteri

Sepals glabrous; peduncle glabrous; petals 60-100 mm; leaf 5-20 cm

Romneya trichocalyx

sepals appressed-hairy; peduncle ± bristly at top; petals 40-80 mm; leaf 3-10cm

Papaveraceae- Meconella

• M. denticulata

• M. californica

• M. oregana

Meconella denticulata

Receptacle without expanded ring beneath speals; stamens 6

Meconella californica

Receptacle with expanded ring beneth sepals; stamens gen. 12

Papaveraceae- Platystemon

• P. californicus

Platystemon californicus

plants long-hairy, stamens less than 12

Papaveraceae- Argemone

• A. munita

Argemone munita

plants prickly, armed and fortified

Papaveraceae- Papaver

• P. heterophyllum

• P. californicum

• P. rhoeas

Papaver heterophyllum

style present; stigma head-like, lobes 4-11

Papaver californicum

Petals 10-20 mm; peduncle glabrous or soft-hairy; after fire or disturbance

Papaver rhoeas

Petals 20-40 mm, alien form

Papaveraceae- Eschscholzia

• E. californica

• E. caespitosa

Eschscholzia california

Outer receptacle rim 0.5-5 mm

Eschacholzia caespitosa

Flower bud long-pointed, tip generally less than ¼ bud; mainland

Ranunculaceae traits

• carples, which produce ovules containing female gametophytes

Proteales families

• Nelumbonaceae

• Plantanaceae

• Proteaceae

Nelumbonaceae traits

• Aquatic herbs

• leaves emergent concave-peltate

• gynoecium apocarpous

• fruit: aggregate of nuts within an accrescent receptacle

Platanaceae traits

• monoecious trees

• stipules encircling stiples

• leaves: palmately lobed and vein

• fruit: multiple of bristly achenes

• Inflorescene a pendant spike of heads

• Flowers: unisexual

Proteaceae traits

• perianth uniseriate

• sepals 4

• stamens 4

• ovary superior

• unicarpellous

Saxifragales- Family

• Crassulzaceae

Crassulaceae traits

• leaf: succulent

• CAM photosynthesis

• Inflorescence: cymose

• gynoecium: apocarpous

• fruit: follicetum

CAM photosynthesis

fixes CO2 at night as malic acid releases it during the day

prevents water loss by closing stomates at day and opening at night

Crassulaceae- Crassula connata

Pgymy weed

Crassulaceae- Crassula aquatica

water pygmy weed

Rosids orders

• Fabids

• Malvids

Fabids suborders

• Malpighiales

• Oxalidales

• Fabales

Malpighiales families

• Euphorbiaceae

• Hypericaceae

• Malpighiaceae

• Passifloraceae

• Salicaceae

Euphorbiaceae traits

• flower: unisexual

• Ovary: superior, usually 3-carpellate

• Placentation: apical-axile

• Latex: red, yellow, usually white

• Infloresence: cyathium

Euphorbiaceae subfamilies

• Acalyphoideae

• Crotonoideae

• Euphorbioideae

Cyathium define

An inflorescence bearing small, unisexual flowers and subtended by an involucre (frequently with petaloid glands), the entire inflorescence resembling a single flower

Laticifer’s defense

play a crucial role in plant defense against both herbivores and pathogens

forund in euphorbia

Salicaeae

• dioecious to hermaphroditic trees or shrubs

• Leaves: simple, usually spiral, stipulate

• flowers: often small

• placentation: parietal to basal

• Fruit: capsule, berry, drupe

Populus fremontii

western cottonwood

• leaf blade widely ovate-deltate

• base truncate

• margin coarsely crenate

• spikelets pendant

Salix lasiolepis

Arroyo willow

• trees

• leaves simple

• narrowly elliptic to lanceolate

• inflorescence: catkin

Oxalidales

family

• Oxalidaceae

Oxalidales traits

• leaves: pinnate or palmate

• flowers: bisexual

• outer basal nectaries

• fruit: loculicidal capsule or berry

Tristyly

three distinct morphological forms with different style and stamen lengths. These forms are:

1. Long-styled (Pin) – Style long, stamens medium and short.

2. Mid-styled (Thrum) – Style medium, stamens long and short.

3. Short-styled (Thrum) – Style short, stamens long and medium

Oxalidaceae: native species

Oxalis californica

Oxalis pilosa

Oxalidaceae: non-native

Oxalis corniculata

Oxalis micrantha

Oxalis pes-carprae

Oxalis purpurea

Fabales

• Fabaceae

• Polygalaceae

Fabales traits

Leaves: stipulate often compound

flower: pentamerous, single unicarpellous pistil

Placentation marginal

fruit: legume

Fabaceae ecological importance

• Archis hypogaea: peanuts

• Glycine max: soy beans

• Lens culinaris: lentil

• Phaseolus spp., beans

• Pisum sativum: peas

Fabaceae

subfamily

• Cercidioideae

• Caesalpinioideae (non-Mimosoids)

• Caesalpinioideae Mimosoid clade

• Faboideae

Cercidioideae

Flower: zygomorphic

Stamens: distinct

Seeds with apical cresecent-shaped hilum

Posterior petal inner to lateral

Cercidioideae in San Diego

Cercis occidentalis

Caesalpiniodeae

Flowers zygomorphic

Petals distinct

Posterior petal inner to laterals

Stamens distinct

Caesalpinioideae in San Diego

Amorpha fruticosa

Senna armata

Mimosoids

Flowers: actinomorphic, often densely aggregated

Petals distinct or connate

Hypanthium sometimes

Mimosoideae in San Diego

• Prosopis glandulosa

• Senegalia greggii

Faboideae

Flower zygomorphic

Perianth papilionaceous

Posterior petal

Banner or standard

Lateral petals

Wings

Anterior petals

Keel petals

basally distinct

distally connate

collectively called the keel

Posterior petal

outer to laterals

Stamens connate

monadelphous or diadelphous

Faboideae in San Diego

• Astragalus trichopodus

• Lathyrus vestitus

• Acmispon micranthus

• Acmispon galber

• Dalea mollissima

• Hosackia crassifolia

• Lupinus bicolor

• Medicago polymorpha

• Psorothamnus emoryi

• Psorothamnus schottii

• Psorothamnus spinosus

Rosaceae

Leaves: stiplate

actinomorphic

Flowers: pentamerous, hypathium present

Rosaceae subfamily

• Rosoideae

• Dryadoideae

• Spiraedoideae

Rosoideae

Gynoecium: apocarpous or unicarpellous

Fruit: achene, achenecetum or drupecetum

Dryadoideae

Fruit: Drupecetum or achene

symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing actinomycete

Spiraedoideae

Gynoecium: apocrpous

Fruit: drupe

Ovary: inferior - pome

Hypogynous flower

Superior ovary. Stamens and perianth hypogynous

Perigynous Flower

Superior ovary. Stamens and perianth are united into a hypanthium, which holds them level with ovary

Epigynous flower

Inferior ovary. Stamens and perianth positioned above the ovary on a hypanthium

Rosaceae in San Diego

• Adenostoma fasciulatum

• Cercocarpus betuloides

• Cercocarpus minutiflorus

• Fragaria vesca

• Heteromeles arbutifolia

• Rosa californica

• Prunus fremontii

• Prunus ilicifolia

• Prunus virginiana

Rhamnaceae traits

Leaves: simple, spiral or opposite

Flowers: perigynous to epiperigynous

Fruit: drupe, circumscissile capsule, or schizocarp

Stamens:alternispalous/ antipetalous

Ziziphus jujuba

first domesticated S. Asia many verieties, fruit (drupe) consumed as a snack, may be candid also used medicinally

Rhamnaceae of San Diego

Ceanothus: California- Lilac

Ceanothus sub genera

• Ceanothus

• Cerastes

Ceanothus traits

Stipules scale-like, thin, deciduous, leaves alternate

Infloresecence generally raceme -to panicle -occasionally ± umbel-like

Ceanothus leucodermis

Chaparrel white thorn

Shrubs; stems whitish, lateral branches sometimes, thorny; leaves simple alternate, membranous ternate-netted

Ceanothus palmeri

Palmer’s-Lilac

Understory shrub; leaves simple, alternate, with one main vein from base; flowers white, in dense, erect cylindrical thyres

Native Ceanothus

• Ceanothus lecucodermis

• Ceanothus palmeri

• Ceanothus pumilus

• Ceanothus thyrsiflorus

• Ceanothus tomentosus

• Ceanothus velutinus

Cerastes traits

Stipules kob/ wart-like, croky, thick, bases persistent; Leaves generally opposite, clustered or not; inflorescene generally umbel-like

Ceraste native

• Ceanothus Crassifolius

• Ceanothus cuneatus

• Ceanothus otayensis

• Ceanothus perplexans

• Ceanothus verrucous

• Frangula califonica

• Frangula purshiana

• Rhamnus crocea

• Rhamnus ilicifolia

• Rhamnus pilosa

• Ziziphus obtusifolius

• Zizphus parryi

Cucurbitales

• Cucurbitaceae

• Begoniaceae

Cucurbitaceae

Mostly monoecious or dioecious vines

leaves simple, palmately veined or lobed

tendrils usually present

female flowers epiperigynous, with usually parietal placentation and three carpels

fruit: berry pepo, capsule, or samara

hypanthium present

Cucurbitaceae native

• Cucurbita foetidissima

• March macrocarpa

Brassicales important trait

Glucosinolates: major plant secondary products in the Brassicaseae and close relatives

• Deter herbivory and parasitism

• Flavoring agents in the commercially important members

Brassicaceae traits

glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides)

perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed)

2+4 tetradynamous stamens

Gynoecium: superior, 2-carpellate/ loculate ovary

Placentation: axile-parietal

Fruit: dehiscent with replum

ecological important Brassicaceae

• Armoracia rusticana - horseradish

• Brassica campestris - turnip

• Brassica napus - Rutabaga

• Brassoca oleracea - cultivates by Greeks by 650BC. main things we eat

• Raphanus sativus - Radish

Cleomaceae

Stamens exserted, not tetradynamous

locule 1, placentation parietal

K 4 C4 A6 G (2)