GB1 ch. 2 vocab

atomic number

number of protons in atom

atomic weight/mass

number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus of atom

ionic bonds

electron transfer creates an attraction b/w negative & positive ions

covalent bonds

atoms share electron and bond

nonpolar covalent bond

atoms share electrons equally

polar covalent bond

atoms share electrons unequally

electronegativity

atoms ability to take/hold onto electrons

van der Waals forces

brief, weak attraction b/w slight charge variations between atoms

hydrogen bonds

partial charges b/w atoms, especially between water molecules due to polarity

atom

smallest identifiable unit of matter

elements

substance entirely of single type of atom

isotope

diff # of neutrons in atom (that don’t equal # of protons)

radioactive isotopes

unstable isotope, nucleus decays & releases energy as radiation

valence shell

outermost shell

valence

number of unpaired electrons

chemical bonds

binding attraction between atoms & molecules

ion

atom/molecule with full charge

cation

positive ion

anion

negative ion

solvent

agent for dissolving solute into solution

hydrophilic

polar molecule that can bond w/ water

hydrophobic

nonpolar molecule that can’t dissolve/bond with water

cohesion

attract w/ like substance or molecule

adhesion

attract w/ unlike substance/molecule/surface

specific heat

amount of energy need to raise 1g by 1°C (1 calorie)

heat of vaporization

energy needed to change 1g of water from liquid to gas

chemical reaction

substance is w/ other or broken down into new substance

atoms rearranged

atomic weight

1 mole of atom

molecular weight

mass of 1 mole

molarity (M)

concentration of substance dissolved in water

pH

how acidic/basic substance is based on number of H+ ions

scale of 1-14

theory of chemical evolution

Monomers polymerized to form larger/complex macromolecules now in organisms

polymerization

chemical process where monomers form into polymers

condensation (dehydration) reaction

loss of water bond monomers into polymer

hydrolysis

break polymers by adding water