psych development

development def

the sequence of age-related changes that occurred as a person progresses from conception to death

prenatal def

conception to birth, encompassing 9 months

3 stages of prenatal period

1. zygote

2. embryo

3. fetus

zygote stage (aka germinal stage)

single-celled organism formed by the unison of one sperm and one egg (carries hereditary blueprints and chromosomes)

what is occurs during the zygote stage

- first 2 weeks

- quick cell division

- cell mass implants on uterine wall

- placenta forms: structure allows oxygen and nutrients to pass to fetus from mom

embryonic stage

- 2 weeks to end of second month (first trimester)

- most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form

- most structural defects occur during this stage

fetal stage

- month 3 through birth

- muscles and bones form

- hearing is functional

- fetus reaches threshold of viability

threshold of viability

age at which a baby can survive in case of premature birth

which prenatal stage is the most vulnerable and why?

embryo stage because everything is forming at this time, so the embryo is hypersensitivity to damage, defects, and even miscarriages

What habits from mom can affect baby and why?

Eating, drug use, illnesses, emotions, nutrition because baby and mom are linked through placenta

Teratogens

any external agents that can harm an embryo or fetus

What are the effects of teratogens?

Physical Defects - Teratogens can cause structural abnormalities such as cleft palate, limb deformities, and heart defects.

Low Birth Weight & Prematurity - Exposure can lead to growth restrictions and early birth.

Cognitive Impairments - Some teratogens interfere with brain development, leading to intellectual disabilities or learning disorders.

Behavioral Issues - Babies exposed to teratogens may later develop hyperactivity, attention deficits, or emotional problems.

Sensory Impairments - Issues like hearing loss or vision problems can result from teratogen exposure.

(Chatgpt ah response)

How does alcohol affect babies?

Fetal alcohol syndrome: a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

Features of fetal alcohol syndrome

- Physical: Small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, delayed mental and motor development

- Mental: IQ deficits, poor motor skills, #1 cause for mental disabilities

How does smoking affect babies?

Tobacco increases risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, prematurity, and sudden infant death syndrome

- also hyperactivity, attention deficits, slow cognitive development

Apgar Scale Measures def

test used to measure newborn's conditions following 1 minutes after birth and 5 minutes after

Apgar Scale Measures

1. Appearance

2. Pulse

3. Grimace (Reflex Response)

4. Activity (Muscle Tone/Movement)

5. Respiration (Breathing Effort)

What newborn 1reflexes help with feeding?

1. Rooting - turning head towards touch to find food

2. Sucking

3. Latching

4. Tongue thrust - prevents choking

What newborn reflexes help with survival?

1. Moro - When startled, infant arches back, extends legs, and throws arms outward

2. Grasping - holding onto things

3. Babinski - spread toes when bottom of foot is rubbed

newborn's best developed sense

hearing

- can localize sound and differentiate from mother's voice

newborn's worst developed sense

sight

- by age 2 they will have 20/20 vision

- can't track or localize items

- need bright colors and engaging patterns

developmental sequence

the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

- Includes grasping, reaching, sitting up, crawling, walking, and running

cephalocaudal trend

the head-to-foot direction of motor development

- children gain control of upper part before lower part

proximodistal trend

center-outward direction of motor development

- starts with moving whole body to using specific body parts

Developmental norms

indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

- the age does not matter, however order does

fine motor skills

the coordination and control of small muscles, especially in their hands and fingers

gross motor skills

the coordination and control of larger muscles

language def

Consists of our spoken, written, or gestured words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

- is symbolic, semantic, generative, and has rules

order of progression of language

1. cooing

2. babbling

3. holophrases

4. telegraphic

5. full sentences

holophrases def

one word sentences

telegraphic speech def

simple 2-word phrases that uses least amount of communication to get out the most important meaning

structure of language

phonemes, morphemes, grammar (semantics and syntax)

phonemes

basic units of sound (40 in English)

morphemes

smallest units of meaning in a language (root words, prefixes, suffixes)

grammar

system of rules that allows us to communicate with and understand others

semantics

rules used to derive meaning

syntax

rules used to order words in a sentence

Chomsky Nativist Theory of Language Development

the nature theory of language

- says that we are born with the principles of language (it's a biologically-based innate system that contains a set a rules common to all language)

Behavioral Perspective of Language Development

nurture theory of language

- language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation

Vygotsky's Interactionist Perspective of Language Development

mix of nature and nurture

- you are born with language, but need interactions from the environment to enhance it

Common language mistakes children make

overextension, under extension, and over-regularization

overextension

calling all women "mama"

underextension

failure to apply new word to generally all objects

- calling your dog "doggie" but not knowing the general name for other dogs (saying "what's that" to any other dog)

over-regularization

applying general grammar rules to all words and not taking irregular forms into account

- went = goed, feet = foots

4 parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglecting

authoritative

- high in warmth

- moderate in expectations and discipline

- healthiest style: children are happy and have kids who form functioning relationships

authoritarian

- low in warmth

- high in discipline and maturity expectations

- raise children who tend to be hard-working but unhappy, quick to blame others, and may rebel against parents

permissive

- high in warmth

- low in discipline and expectations

- have children who react poorly to frustration, lack of self-control and emotional regulation

neglectful

- low in warmth, discipline, and communication