Anatomy - Reproductive System Quiz

largest sex cell ; female body

eggs (ova)

smallest sex cell ; male body

sperm

how much of the DNA does each sex cell have?

half

spermatogenesis

the process of producing sperm

know the labeling

head of sperm contains

nucleus (with DNA) and enzymes to help sperm enter egg

midpiece of sperm contains

mitochondria that produce ATP to move flagellum

flagellum of sperm (tail) function

movement

Oogenesis

production of egg cells ; occurs in ovaries

Fertilization

fusion of the sperm and egg cells

new cell created by fertilization

zygote

masculine hormone

testosterone

feminine hormone

estrogen

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production

scrotum

protects and regulates temperature of testes

epididymis

where sperm are stored/finish maturing, damaged sperm are broken

vas deferens

18" tube that carries sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicle ; can also store sperm for months

seminal vesicles + ejaculatory duct

produce seminal fluid

semen consists of

seminal fluid and sperm + some prostate secretions (prevent urinary tract infections)

prostate

gland surrounding urethra that releases secretions to prevent urinary infections with semen

urethra

runs away from bladder, through prostate, to end of penis ; does not release semen/urine at the same time

cowper's glands

secrete fluid into urethra to neutralize acid from urine (male)

penis

surrounds urethra and contains erectile tissue (fills with blood during erection)

circumcision

males are born with foreskin on distal end of penis ; circumcision removes it

ovaries

make ova (1/month after puberty), produce estrogen and progesterone

fallopian tubes

5" long path from uterus ; not connected to ovaries but fingerlike fimbriae capture egg when released ; where fertilization occurs

uterus

provides protection, nutrition, and waste removal for developing baby ; contracts to expel fetus at birth

layers of uterus

myometrium (thickest, smooth muscle) and endometrium (inner lining, has glands and blood vessels, thickens for pregnancy or sheds if no pregnancy)

cervix

"neck" between uterus and vagina ; secretes mucus to allow or block sperm ; dilates during labor

vagina

passage for menstrual fluids ; receives penis and sperm ; forms birth canal

hymen

elastic membrane surrounding vagina ; purpose unknown

bartholin's glands

secrete fluids to reduce friction during intercourse (female)

clitoris

contains erectile tissue and dense nerve clusters

labia

outermost skin and fat tissue

menarche

female's first period

menopause

end of menstruation ; between ages 40-50

ovarian cycle

produces eggs for fertilization

follicular phase (ovarian cycle)

starts on first day of bleeding/menses ; lowest hormones ; FSH rises and follicles develop in ovaries ; estrogen rises and endometrium thickens ; ~day 14 LH peaks and egg releases

ovulation

egg is released from ovary ; ~day 14 of ovarian cycle

luteal phase (ovarian cycle)

egg-less follicle grows+yellows and becomes corpus luteum, producing progesterone to grow uterine wall ; pregnancy=CL grows, thick lining for embryo ; no pregnancy=CL shrivels, progesterone falls, menstruation occurs when endometrium sheds

uterine cycle

prepares uterus for pregnancy

menses phase (uterine cycle)

first day of cycle ; reduced blood flow to endometrium, it sheds via vagina ; lasts 3-5 days

proliferative phase (uterine cycle)

after menses to ~day 14 (ovulation) ; endometrial lining regrows

secretory phase (uterine cycle)

from ovulation to first day/menses ; hormone levels drop, progesterone and estrogen from corpus luteum cause more growth of endometrial lining

epidural

medicine placed near spinal cord that can ease pain during labor

episiotomy

cutting of the vaginal opening ; may be done to prevent tearing during birth

breach birth

infant does not come out head first

baby after birth

covered in fine hair called lanugo and waxy substance called vernix

meconium

sticky black substance of swallowed amniotic fluid + digestive secretions ; will show up in baby's first diaper

mammary lobes

15-25 lobes that radiate around nipple ; produce the milk when a woman is lactating

lactiferous ducts

milk passes into the lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside of the nipple

areola

"nipple" ; infant's sucking stimulates more milk production

breastfeeding benefits

milk contains sufficient vitamins, proteins, fats, antibodies ; physical/eye contact is good for mother/baby ; mother can lose pregnancy weight faster ; uterus shrinks

What are the purposes of the human reproductive system?

To produce the healthiest eggs and sperm for the continuation of our species ; also for pleasure for humans ; not required for us to stay alive

How is a new human being formed from 2 parents, on a cellular level?

They combine their DNA through the single sperm meeting the egg (sperm uses enzymes+momentum to make it through), which creates a zygote, starting the formation of a human ; (fertilization)

What organs make up the male reproductive system?

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles/ejaculatory ducts, urethra, cowper's glands, penis

What organs make up the female reproductive system?

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, myometrium, endometrium, cervix, vagina ; external=hymen, bartholin's glands, clitoris, labia

When are males fertile? Females?

Males are fertile every day from puberty until death ; females are only fertile during their ovulation phase (after puberty) which is roughly two weeks after their period

What is a "menstrual period" and why does it occur?

3-5 days long ; marks start of ovarian and uterine cycles ; happens from puberty until menopause ; if a female is not pregnant, the endometrial lining is not needed for protection of the egg, so it sheds and exits via vagina

What is the difference between ovulation and menstruation?

menstruation prepares and takes care of the uterus if a female is not pregnant ; ovulation produces eggs for the female to become pregnant

What are the stages of labor and birth?

water breaks, baby is delivered through contractions as a vaginal birth/C section/breach birth, placenta is expelled within a half hour after the birth

Compare vaginal delivery to a C section

vaginal delivery-baby exits normally, head first, through vaginal canal ; C section-baby gets stuck, usually flipped wrong way, taken out through lower abdomen

infertility

inability to conceive a baby

testicular trauma

Testicle is hurt by force; can cause bleeding, bruising, temporary or long-term infertility

testicular torsion

Testicle rotates, cutting off circulation to it; causes severe pain and swelling

Erectile dysfunction

Male cannot get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Non-cancerous prostate gland enlargement that can cause painful or difficult urination

Abruptio placentae

When placenta detaches from endometrium before delivery, depriving the baby of oxygen and nutrients; symptoms include uterine pain, bleeding, early contractions

Amenorrhea

Lack of a menstrual period for more than 3 months or extremely delayed period/puberty

PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)

Complicated disorder causing enlarged and cyst-covered ovaries; symptoms include infertility, irregular menstruation, excess hair growth, acne, weight gain

Ectopic pregnancy

Pregnancy that occurs outside the endometrium; vaginal bleeding or irregular bleeding and abdominal pain are common

Endometriosis

Endometrial lining grows outside the uterus; can cause pain, irregular periods, and sometimes infertility

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Bacterial infection of the blood causing fever, low blood pressure, vomiting, and/or rash

PMS (pre-menstrual syndrome)

Symptoms that occur prior to menstruation: mood swings, carbohydrate cravings, fatigue, irritability or depression, bloating, and/or tender breasts

PMDD (pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder)

Severe extension of PMS to the point of disrupting work and relationships

Miscarriage

Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 20th week; abdominal pain, abnormal bleeding are signs; depression may follow

Pre-eclampsia/eclampsia

Pregnancy complication; can be fatal for mother and fetus; starts with high blood pressure and can progress to seizures or coma if untreated

HIV/AIDS

Virus passed via body fluids, symptoms similar to the flu (sore throat, fatigue, vomiting, rash); HIV causes AIDS which hinders body's immune system leading to death

prostate, testicular, penile (disorder)

cancer

breast, ovarian, cervical, uterine/endometrial (disorder)

cancer