Module 8:Developmental Psychology

Domains of development

Physical, cognitive and psychosocial

Physical domain

Growth, senses, and motor skills

Cognitive domain

learning, attention, and memory

Psychosocial Domain

emotions, personality, and social relationships

Normative Approach

studying what something should be rather than what it is

Development Milestones

guidelines to compare ages groups of children to determine when normative events should occur

Continuous Development

cumulative development and gradually improves skills

Discontinuous Development

stages of development, change is sudden

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development

8 stages that emphasized social nature

personality develops across the lifespan

Infancy Stage

trust vs mistrust

Toddler Stage

autonomy vs shame/doubt

Pre-School Stage

initiative vs guilt

Elementary Stage

industry vs inferiority

Adolescence Stage

identity va role confusion

Early Adulthood Stage

intimacy vs isolation

Middle Adulthood Stage

generativity vs stagnation

Late Adulthood Stage

integrity vs despair

Cognitive theory of development

proposes that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development

Assimilation

Taking in information comparable to known schemata

Accommodation

Change in schemata based on new information

Sensorimotor stage

Senses and actions are used to explore, object permanence 0-2 years old

Symbolic thought

Using words and images to represent things

Object permanence

Objects exist even when out of sight

Preoperational stage

Symbolic thoughts

logical reasoning was not developed

inability to understand conservation

2-6 years old

Concrete operational

Understand events and analogies, perform math, 7-11 years old

Formal operational

Morals and abstract reasoning,12+ years old

Psychosexual theory of development

personality develops through a series of stages during childhood, each focused on different erogenous zones and associated with specific conflicts

Erogenous zone

Children's pleasure seeking urges focused on different parts of the body

Oral

Exploring the world with your mouth-strong pleasure principle- 0-1 years old

Anal

Learns to control bodily functions, 1-3 years old

Phallic

Sexual desire towards opposite sex parent, 3-6 years old

Latency

sexual instincts subside

Superego and conscious develop

6-12 years old

Genital

Sexual impulses reemerge appropriately

12+ years old

Theory of moral development

right vs wrong, Lawrence Kohlberg

Pre-conventional morality

Stage 1:obedience/punishment

Stage 2:individual interest

Conventional Morality

Stage 3: interpersonal

Stage 4: authority

Post Conventional morality

Stage 5:social contract

Stage 6: universal ethics

Bowlby’s theory of attachment

proposes that early childhood bonds with caregivers profoundly impact a child's social and emotional development, influencing their ability to form relationships later in life

Secure base

Parental presence that gives child a sense of safety

Secure

caregiver is responsive to needs, child seeks out caregiver

Avoidant

Unresponsive parent, child reacts to parent and stranger the same way

Resistant

inconsistent caregiver, child is difficult to comfort

Disorganized

inconsistent behavior, child seeks comfort and fearful of caregiver

Cross sectional research method

Comparing different ages at a single point in time

Longitudinal Research Method

Tracking singe age groups over a long period of time

Cross sequential research method

Different ages groups are followed over long period of time

Physical Development Infancy

Rapid growth and motor development occurs

Physical Development Adolescence

Maturity of adrenal and sexual glands

Rapid increase in height

Physical Development Adulthood

Early-maturation complete

Middle-gradual decline

Late-last stages of change

Cognitive Development Infancy

Significant development in language and communication skills

Cognitive Development Adolescence

Processing with speed and effiency

Cognitive empathy

Cognitive Development Adulthood

Ever changing

Increase in crystallized intelligence

Late-decline in fluid intelligence

Social development infancy

Attachment theory and personality traits

Sense of self and parenting style

Social development Adolescence

Forming identity

Focus on peer relationships

Social development Adulthood

Having/finding meaning

Focus on family and career

Authoritarian

Strict rules, disobedience equals punishment

Authoritative

Most balanced

Rules are set but parent is willing to listen to child

Permissive

Rules are not set, child dominates

Uninvolved

No boundaries or rules