CHAPTER 2: Basics of Chemistry

2024-25 School Year | DOES NOT INCLUDE: Properties of Water, Acids and Bases

The Atomic Number Determines…?

The # of Protons and the # of Electrons in a Neutral Atom

What Are Groups on the Periodic Table ?

Vertical Columns which Determine an Atom’s # of Valence Electrons

What are Periods on the Periodic Table ?

Horizontal Rows which Determine the # of Energy Levels of an Atom

How Do You Determine Electronegativity using the Periodic Table ?

Electronegativity increases as one reads from left to right, as well as down to up

Isotopes

Atoms which have atomic masses which differ than the same element in it’s neutral state as a result of the addition or redaction of neutrons in it’s nuclei

What Happens to the Properties of an Element Once They Become Isotopes ?

Chemical properties of Isotopes stay the same as their neutral state, but radioactive isotopes will experience radioactive decay over time

What is a Tracer ?

Any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or to determine its distribution

Ions

Atoms where the the number of electrons are greater or less than the number of protons, which creates a negative or positive charge (anions or canions, respectively)

Can One Alter The # of Protons of an Atom ?

NO; the # of Protons SPECIFIES the TYPE of ELEMENT the atom is

What are Ionic Bonds ?

Bonds between a NONMETAL and a METAL where the opposite charges of the ions cause an attraction between the two atoms

What are Hydrogen Bonds ?

Bonds formed between the attraction of positively charged hydrogen ions from one molecule and the negative attraction of a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine of another atom (OPPOSITES ATTRACT !)

What are Covalent Bonds ?

Bonds between TWO NONMETALS where the two atoms share a pair of valence electrons

What are Polar Covalent Bonds ?

Covalent bonds in which electrons are unequally shared between atoms as a result of differing electronegativities, forming an unsymmetrical structure

What are Non Polar Covalent Bonds ?

Covalent bonds in which electrons are equally shared between atoms as a result of similar structures, resulting in a symmetrical structure

What Elements can Observe or Exhibit Hydrogen Bonds ?

Hydrogen CANIONS; ANIONS of Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine

Why Does Water Have a Polar Covalent Bond ?

Oxygen is greater than Hydrogen in terms of electronegativity, which causes the shared electrons to spend more time closer to the Oxygen atom

Why Do Hydrogen Bonds Form Between Water Molecules?

Oxygen atoms gain a partial negative charge, whereas Hydrogen atoms gain a partial positive charge. This difference forms an attraction

Define Electrostatic Attraction (unnecessary, but can be useful to know)

The attraction or force between two oppositely charged particles