MSE 45 - Properties of Materials: Bonding and Crystal Structures

Vocabulary flashcards covering primary and secondary bonding, atomic energy trends, material properties, and historical crystallography concepts from MSE 45.

Ionization Potential (IP)

The energy required to pull out a valence electron into vacuum, which by convention is positive.

Electron Affinity (EA)

The energy gained by putting an electron into an atom from vacuum, which by convention is negative.

Electronegativity ($\chi$)

A measure of how likely an atom will take up or give up an electron.

Ionic Bonding

A nondirectional primary bond characteristic of ceramics, formed between positive and negative ions requiring a large difference in electronegativity.

Covalent Bonding

A directional primary bond involving shared electrons between atoms, exhibiting variable bond energy.

Metallic Bonding

A nondirectional primary bond characteristic of metals and their alloys, associated with large atomic radii and small ionization potentials.

Hybridization

The combination of atomic orbitals, such as $1s$ and $p$ orbitals, to form equivalent hybrid orbitals such as $sp$, $sp^2$, or $sp^3$.

Dipole-Dipole Interaction

A secondary interatomic bond occurring between molecules that possess permanent dipole moments.

Dipole-Induced-Dipole Interaction

A secondary bond occurring between a molecule with a permanent dipole moment and a neighboring electrically symmetric atom or molecule.

Fluctuating Dipoles

A type of van der Waals secondary bonding created by temporary asymmetry in electron clouds inducing dipoles in nearby atoms or molecules.

Elastic Modulus ($E$)

A property directly proportional to the curvature of the interatomic potential energy curve near the equilibrium spacing $r_0$.

Thermal Expansion Coefficient ($\alpha$)

A property determined by the degree of asymmetry in the interatomic potential energy curve.

Bravais Lattice

A symmetrical and periodic arrangement of points in space consisting of $14$ lattice types established by M.A. Bravais in 1850.

Von Laue's Hypothesis

The proposal in 1912 that X-rays would be diffracted by crystals if X-ray wavelengths and crystal lattice atomic spacings were both on the order of an Angstrom.