The Brain

The brainstem consists of

1. Medulla oblongata

2. Pons

3. Mesencephalon (Midbrain)

The medulla oblongata is distally continuous with

Spinal cord

The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord through the

Foramen magnum

Diencephalon consists of

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Epithalamus

The hypothalamus has a close relationship with

Pituitary gland

Telencephalon includes

Cerebrum

Cerebrum consists of __________ separated by _________

1. Two cerebral hemispheres

2. Longitudinal fissure

What part of the brain contains sulci and gyri?

Cerebrum

The _________ is the tree-like pattern of white matter found in the cerebellum

Arbor vitae

Where is the third ventricle located?

Diencephalon

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

Between pons and cerebellum

The third and fourth ventricles are connected through

Cerebral aqueduct

→ Also called aqueduct of Sylvius

What part of the brain produces CSF?

Ventricular system

How many ventricles are in the brain?

Total 4:

→ 2 lateral ventricles

→ Third ventricle

→ Fourth Ventricle

In the cerebrum and cerebellum, the white matter is covered by

Gray matter (Cortex)

Primary motor cortex

Precentral gyrus

Primary sensory cortex

Postcentral gyrus

Connects lateral ventricles to third ventricle

Interventricular foramen

Lateral ventricles are separated by

Septum pellucidum

A fluid-filled channel in the center of the spinal cord

Central canal

Main portion of the lateral ventricle lies in the _______ lobes

Parietal

Largest ventricles

Lateral ventricles

Meninges layer (superficial to deep)

1. Dura mater

2. Arachnoid mater

3. Pia mater

Holds the frontalis and occipitalis muscles together

Epicranial aponeurosis

Contains CSF

Subarachnoid space

Two layers of dura mater

1. Periosteal layer

2. Meningeal layer

Which layer of the dura mater follows the cranium?

Periosteal layer

Which layer of the dura mater follows the brain?

Meningeal layer

The gap between the two layers of dura mater located between the two cerebral hemispheres forms the _____________

Superior sagittal sinus

What does the superior sagittal sinus contain?

Venous blood

This is the layer felt within the anterior fontanelle of a baby

Periosteal layer of dura mater

Partitions formed by the dura mater

1. Falx cerebri

2. Falx cerebelli

3. Tentorium cerebelli

4. Diaphragma sellae

The meningeal layer that extends into the longitudinal fissure

Falx cerebri

Contains the superior sagittal sinus and the inferior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

_________ attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone

Falx cerebri

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres from the cerebral hemispheres

Tentorium cerebelli

_________ contains the transverse sinus

Tentorium cerebelli

Extends from the tentorium cerebelli to separate the cerebellar hemispheres

Falx cerebelli

Lines the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Diaphragma sellae

True or false: The sinuses in the brain contain arterial blood

False

→ The sinuses in the brain contain venous blood

Contains projections called arachnoid granulations

Arachnoid mater

CSF returns to general circulation through _________ which project into the ________

1. Arachnoid granulations

2. Sinuses

Pia mater is anchored to the brain by processes of

Astrocytes

Which meninx follows the sulci and gyri of the brain?

Pia mater

In the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the lining of the blood vessels consists of endothelial cells that are highly interconnected by

Tight junctions

Circulation of CSF

Choroid plexus of lateral ventricle → Interventricular foramen → 3rd ventricle → Cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → Lateral aperture and medial aperture → Arachnoid granulations → Sinus → General circulation

Which cranial nerves exit the medulla?

1. IX

2. X

3. XI

4. XII

Cardiovascular centers and respiratory rhythmicity centers are located in the

Medulla oblongata

The pons contains nuclei for which cranial nerves?

1. V

2. VI

3. VII

4. VIII

Nuclei involved with involuntary control of breathing are located in the

Pons

Midbrain is located between

Diencephalon and pons

What are the superior and inferior colliculi in the midbrain collectively called?

Corpora quadrigemina

________ contains the pineal gland

Epithalamus

________ is located superior to the optic chiasm

Hypothalamus

Forms the wall of third ventricle

Thalamus

________ controls secretion of ADH via the _________

1. Hypothalamus

2. Supraoptic nucleus

________ controls secretion of oxytocin via the _________

1. Hypothalamus

2. Paraventricular nucleus

Folds of cerebellum similar to gyri in the cerebrum

Folia cerebelli

Anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum are separated by

Primary fissure

The ________ is the central, narrow strip of the cerebellum that connects its left and right hemispheres

Vermis

Connects the cerebellar cortex with the cerebellar peduncles

Arbor vitae

Basal nuclei is located in the

Cerebrum

Limbic system is located in the

Cerebrum

Lobes of cerebrum

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Temporal

4. Occipital

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for conscious control of skeletal muscles?

Frontal lobe

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for the perception of visual stimuli?

Occipital lobe

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste?

Parietal lobe

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli/deep is the insula?

Temporal lobe

Precentral gyrus consists of

1. Primary motor cortex

2. Pyramidal cells

________ is located anterior to central sulcus

Precentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex

Postcentral gyrus

Masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter inferior to the lateral ventricles

Basal nuclei

Basal nuclei consists of

1. Caudate nucleus

2. Putamen

3. Globus pallidus

4. Claustrum

5. Lentiform nucleus

True or false: The limbic system is not confined to one part of the brain. It’s a scattered network of structures located in different regions

True