Chapter 13 Solutions

Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 13 on solutions, including definitions and properties related to solutes, solvents, and various types of solutions.

What is a solute?

A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution.

What is a solvent?

A solvent is the component of a solution present in the greatest amount, typically a liquid.

Define a saturated solution.

A saturated solution is in equilibrium with respect to a given substance, meaning no more solute can dissolve.

What is an unsaturated solution?

An unsaturated solution is one that can still dissolve more solute.

What factors affect solubility?

Factors include temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent.

Explain Le Chatelier's Principle in the context of solutions.

When a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it shifts in a direction that counters the disturbance.

What is Henry's Law?

The solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its partial pressure above the solution.

What are colligative properties?

Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles in a solution, not the identity of the solute.

Define molarity (M).

Molarity is the number of moles of solute divided by the liters of solution.

What is Raoult's Law?

Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent.

What is boiling point elevation?

The increase in boiling point of a solvent when solute is added.

What is freezing point depression?

The decrease in freezing point of a solvent when a solute is added.

What is osmotic pressure?

The pressure required to prevent the flow of solvent into a solution across a semipermeable membrane.

What is the van 't Hoff factor, i?

The number of particles a solute splits into when dissolved.

How does temperature affect the solubility of solids and gases?

Solids generally become more soluble with increasing temperature; gases become less soluble with increasing temperature.

Define a supersaturated solution.

A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved material than would be in equilibrium at that temperature, making it unstable.

Give an example of a liquid-liquid solution.

An example is a mixture of ethanol and water.

What determines the stability of a supersaturated solution?

Factors such as temperature and purity of the components can affect the stability.

What is mass percent (% by mass)?

Mass percent is the mass of solute divided by the mass of the solution, multiplied by 100.